El acceso a los servicios de salud bucodental para la población adulta mayor en la red hospitalaria pública de Medellín (Colombia)

Antecedentes/Objetivos: La población adulta mayor es un grupo poblacional significativo teniendo en cuenta los cambios demográficos de las últimas décadas. En el país y en la ciudad de Medellín, este grupo presenta alta vulnerabilidad social, así mismo se observan necesidades en salud bucal, descritas en los estudios nacionales y regionales en el tema. Aunque se han realizado investigaciones que tratan de identificar determinantes que afectan el acceso y la utilización de los servicios de salud, los estudios en salud bucal son más escasos y en especial en la población adulta mayor. Objetivo: identificar barreras y facilitadores de acceso a los servicios de salud bucal en población adulta mayor atendida en la red hospitalaria pública de Medellín desde la perspectiva del personal de salud. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo. Se realizaron 34 entrevistas semiestructuradas en personal que presta servicios de salud en la red Metrosalud de Medellín. Se identificaron barreras y facilitadores según el modelo de Tanahashi sobre cobertura en los servicios de salud a través de 4 categorías: disponibilidad (D), accesibilidad (A), aceptabilidad (P) y contacto con el servicio (C). Se utilizó la herramienta informática AtlasTi. Resultados: Se identificaron barreras relacionadas con: dificultades en la implementación de políticas sociales debido a que la salud bucal no es una prioridad; se han priorizado otras poblaciones para dar atención en salud bucal y existe insuficiente recurso humano para prestar los servicios de salud (D); la situación de discapacidad de los adultos mayores (A); aspectos educativos, culturales y de género (P); y la crisis del sector salud como una barrera estructural del sistema (C). En cuanto a los facilitadores se mencionan: la existencia de programas que facilitan la demanda inducida a programas de salud bucal y de mecanismos para hacer valer los derechos en salud a través de instancias gubernamentales y otras (D); la ubicación de las unidades y centros de salud en zonas de fácil acceso (A); la capacidad de los profesionales para atender esta población (P) y la articulación de la odontología con otras áreas (C). Conclusiones: Se identificaron determinantes que afectan el acceso a servicios sanitarios en la población adulta mayor, por lo que se requieren estrategias para mejorar la calidad de la atención en salud bucal en este grupo socialmente vulnerable.E.S.E Metrosalud. Medellín (Código: C02-E11-L3-01)

Strength distribution of solar magnetic fields in photospheric quiet Sun regions

The magnetic topology of the solar photosphere in its quietest regions is hidden by the difficulties to disentangle magnetic flux through the resolution element from the field strength of unresolved structures. The observation of spectral lines with strong coupling with hyperfine structure, like the observed MnI line at 553.7 nm, allows such differentiation. The main aim is to analyse the distribution of field strengths in the network and intranetwork of the solar photosphere through inversion of the MnI line at 553.7 nm. An inversion code for the magnetic field using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been developed. Statistical tests are run on the code to validate it. The code has to draw information from the small-amplitude spectral feature oppearing in the core of the Stokes V profile of the observed line for field strengths below a certain threshold, coinciding with lower limit of the Paschen-Back effect in the fine structure of the involved atomic levels. The inversion of the observed profiles, using the circular polarization (V) and the intensity (I), shows the presence of magnetic fields strengths in a range from 0 to 2 kG, with predominant weak strength values. Mixed regions with mean strength field values of 1130 and 435 Gauss are found associated with the network and intranetwork respectively. The MnI line at 553 nm probes the field strength distribution in the quiet sun and shows the predominance of weak, hectoGauss fields in the intranetwork, and strong, kiloGauss fields in the network. It also shows that both network and intranetwork are to be understood at our present spatial resolutions as field distributions of which we hint the mean properties.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

The second flight of the Sunrise Balloon-borne Solar Observatory: overview of instrument updates, the flight, the data, and first results

S. K. Solanki et. al.©2017 The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.The Sunrise balloon-borne solar observatory, consisting of a 1 m aperture telescope that provides a stabilized image to a UV filter imager and an imaging vector polarimeter, carried out its second science flight in 2013 June. It provided observations of parts of active regions at high spatial resolution, including the first high-resolution images in the Mg ii k line. The obtained data are of very high quality, with the best UV images reaching the diffraction limit of the telescope at 3000 Å after Multi-Frame Blind Deconvolution reconstruction accounting for phase-diversity information. Here a brief update is given of the instruments and the data reduction techniques, which includes an inversion of the polarimetric data. Mainly those aspects that evolved compared with the first flight are described. A tabular overview of the observations is given. In addition, an example time series of a part of the emerging active region NOAA AR 11768 observed relatively close to disk center is described and discussed in some detail. The observations cover the pores in the trailing polarity of the active region, as well as the polarity inversion line where flux emergence was ongoing and a small flare-like brightening occurred in the course of the time series. The pores are found to contain magnetic field strengths ranging up to 2500 G, and while large pores are clearly darker and cooler than the quiet Sun in all layers of the photosphere, the temperature and brightness of small pores approach or even exceed those of the quiet Sun in the upper photosphere.The German contribution to Sunrise and its reflight was funded by the Max Planck Foundation, the Strategic Innovations Fund of the President of the Max Planck Society (MPG), DLR, and private donations by supporting members of the Max Planck Society, which is gratefully acknowledged. The Spanish contribution was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under Projects ESP2013-47349-C6 and ESP2014-56169-C6, partially using European FEDER funds. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The HAO contribution was partly funded through NASA grant number NNX13AE95G. This work was partly supported by the BK21 plus program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea. L.G. acknowledges research funding from the State of Lower Saxony, Germany. SDO is a mission of NASA's Living With a Star (LWS) program. The SDO/HMI data were provided by the Joint Science Operation Center (JSOC). The National Solar Observatory (NSO) is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) Inc. under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.Peer reviewe

Aspectos tecnológicos para la producción de maíz en Colombia.

Se describe de manera general la situación del cultivo de maiz para el año 1988. La superficie cultivada para cada uno de los últimos 10 años, los rendimientos y la producción por departamentos. Igualmente la utilización de insumos y los materiales mejorados disponibles para el semestre A de 1988. Se indican las limitantes tecnológicas y la oferta tecnológica del cultivo. Se relacionan los materiales mejorados disponibles de maiz por regiones y su rendimiento. Se describen los fundamentos tecnológicos del plan de producción de maiz, señalando los Centros de investigación donde se llevará a cabo y los proyectos de investigación que en ellos se adelantarán en el cultivo. Adicionalmente se hace referencia a las acciones de transferencia de tecnología, ajuste tecnológico, divulgación y capacitación y otros servicios técnicos de apoyo disponibles para el plan, así como los recursos y la cooperación internacional requeridaMaíz-Zea may

Transcriptional profile of the homologous recombination machinery and characterization of the EhRAD51 recombinase in response to DNA damage in Entamoeba histolytica

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, homologous recombination is an accurate mechanism to generate genetic diversity, and it is also used to repair DNA double strand-breaks. <it>RAD52 </it>epistasis group genes involved in recombinational DNA repair, including <it>mre11, rad50, nsb1/xrs2, rad51, rad51c/rad57, rad51b/rad55, rad51d, xrcc2, xrcc3, rad52, rad54, rad54b/rdh54 </it>and <it>rad59 </it>genes, have been studied in human and yeast cells. Notably, the RAD51 recombinase catalyses strand transfer between a broken DNA and its undamaged homologous strand, to allow damaged region repair. In protozoan parasites, homologous recombination generating antigenic variation and genomic rearrangements is responsible for virulence variation and drug resistance. However, in <it>Entamoeba histolytica </it>the protozoan parasite responsible for human amoebiasis, DNA repair and homologous recombination mechanisms are still unknown.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this paper, we initiated the study of the mechanism for DNA repair by homologous recombination in the primitive eukaryote <it>E. histolytica </it>using UV-C (150 J/m²) irradiated trophozoites. DNA double strand-breaks were evidenced in irradiated cells by TUNEL and comet assays and evaluation of the EhH2AX histone phosphorylation status. In <it>E. histolytica </it>genome, we identified genes homologous to yeast and human RAD52 epistasis group genes involved in DNA double strand-breaks repair by homologous recombination. Interestingly, the <it>E. histolytica </it>RAD52 epistasis group related genes were differentially expressed before and after UV-C treatment. Next, we focused on the characterization of the putative recombinase EhRAD51, which conserves the typical architecture of RECA/RAD51 proteins. Specific antibodies immunodetected EhRAD51 protein in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Moreover, after DNA damage, EhRAD51 was located as typical nuclear <it>foci</it>-like structures in <it>E. histolytica </it>trophozoites. Purified recombinant EhRAD51 exhibited DNA binding and pairing activities and exchanging reactions between homologous strands <it>in vitro</it>.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p><it>E. histolytica </it>genome contains most of the RAD52 epistasis group related genes, which were differentially expressed when DNA double strand-breaks were induced by UV-C irradiation. In response to DNA damage, EhRAD51 protein is overexpressed and relocalized in nuclear <it>foci</it>-like structures. Functional assays confirmed that EhRAD51 is a <it>bonafide </it>recombinase. These data provided the first insights about the potential roles of the <it>E. histolytica </it>RAD52 epistasis group genes and EhRAD51 protein function in DNA damage response of this ancient eukaryotic parasite.</p

The second flight of the SUNRISE balloon-borne solar observatory: overview of instrument updates, the flight, the data and first results

The SUNRISE balloon-borne solar observatory, consisting of a 1~m aperture telescope that provided a stabilized image to a UV filter imager and an imaging vector polarimeter, carried out its second science flight in June 2013. It provided observations of parts of active regions at high spatial resolution, including the first high-resolution images in the Mg~{\sc ii}~k line. The obtained data are of very high quality, with the best UV images reaching the diffraction limit of the telescope at 3000~\AA\ after Multi-Frame Blind Deconvolution reconstruction accounting for phase-diversity information. Here a brief update is given of the instruments and the data reduction techniques, which includes an inversion of the polarimetric data. Mainly those aspects that evolved compared with the first flight are described. A tabular overview of the observations is given. In addition, an example time series of a part of the emerging active region NOAA AR~11768 observed relatively close to disk centre is described and discussed in some detail. The observations cover the pores in the trailing polarity of the active region, as well as the polarity inversion line where flux emergence was ongoing and a small flare-like brightening occurred in the course of the time series. The pores are found to contain magnetic field strengths ranging up to 2500~G and, while large pores are clearly darker and cooler than the quiet Sun in all layers of the photosphere, the temperature and brightness of small pores approach or even exceed those of the quiet Sun in the upper photosphere.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

Inmunodiagnóstico de la infección chagásica por ELlSA

Demonstration of the infectious agent is the gold standard in parasitic infections but this is not always feasible.Thus diagnosis is confirmed through Trypanosoma cruziantibody detection (in the case of Chagas'disease) by using serological assays. In this study the enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruz; infection was standardised and assessed. 595 serum samples taken from people coming from the endemic area of Guateque, Boyaca, were tested against T. cruziepimastigotes from the IRHOlCOl69lGuateque Colombian strain, using both the immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the ELlSA test. Analysis of the ELlSA test's validity was done through estimation of the area under the receptor-operator curve (ROC). The optimum conditions for the ELlSA test were an antigen concentration of 0.75 ygrlml and sample dilution of 1:1000. The assay's sensitivity for cut-off points of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 was 0.99, 0.99, 0.98 and 0.93 and its specificity for the same cut-off points was 0.94, 0.96, 0.98 and 0.98.The ELlSA test is a valid and useful test, not only because of its sensitivity and specificity but also because the estimation of the area under the receptor-operator curve (ROC) was 0.9952, this being very close to the ideal. The ELlSA test is better than the IFAT test for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infection antibodies and could be used in seroepidemiological sur'veys in areas of moderate to high prevalence.La demostración del agente infeccioso es la regla de oro en las parasitosis, pero, esto no siempre es factible. Por ello, en la infección chagásica ce recurre a la detección de anticuerpos contra Trypanosoma cruzi siendo las pruebas serodiagnósticas de gran utilidad. El presente estudio estandarizó y evaluó la prueba inmunoenzimática Elisa para el inmunodiagnóstico de la infección chagásica. Se confrontaron 595 muestras de suero de pacientes provenientes de Guateque, Boyacá, zona endémica de la enfermedad de Chagas, con epimastigotes de Tcruzide la cepa colombiana IRHOICO/69/Guateque utilizando las pruebas inmunodiagnósticas de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI), prueba de referencia, y el ensayo inmunoenzimático ELISA. El análisis de la validez de ésta se realizó mediante el cálculo del área bajo la curva del operador receptor (ROC) como medida de la exactitud (validez). Las condiciones óptimas de la prueba ELlSA fueron: antígeno 0,75 pglml y dilución de la muestra 1:1.000. El ensayo del estudio según los puntos de corte 0,2, 0,3, 0,4 y 0,5 ofrece una sensibilidad de 0,99, 039, 0,98 y 0,93 y una especificidad de 0,94, 0,96, 0,98 y 0,98, respectivamente. El ELlSA del estudio se muestra como una prueba válida no sólo por la sensibilidad y especificidad sino porque el análisis del área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0,9952 que es muy cercano al ideal. La prueba de ELlSA es superior a la de IFI para la detección de anticuerpos contra 1 cruzi y podría ser utilizada en estudios seroepidemiológicos en zonas de alta y moderada prevalencia

The O3N2 and N2 abundance indicators revisited: improved calibrations based on CALIFA and Te-based literature data

The use of IFS is since recently allowing to measure the emission line fluxes of an increasingly large number of star-forming galaxies both locally and at high redshift. The main goal of this study is to review the most widely used empirical oxygen calibrations, O3N2 and N2, by using new direct abundance measurements. We pay special attention to the expected uncertainty of these calibrations as a function of the index value or abundance derived and the presence of possible systematic offsets. This is possible thanks to the analysis of the most ambitious compilation of Te-based HII regions to date. This new dataset compiles the Te-based abundances of 603 HII regions extracted from the literature but also includes new measurements from the CALIFA survey. Besides providing new and improved empirical calibrations for the gas abundance, we also present here a comparison between our revisited calibrations with a total of 3423 additional CALIFA HII complexes with abundances derived using the ONS calibration by Pilyugin et al. (2010). The combined analysis of Te-based and ONS abundances allows us to derive their most accurate calibration to date for both the O3N2 and N2 single-ratio indicators, in terms of all statistical significance, quality and coverage of the space of parameters. In particular, we infer that these indicators show shallower abundance dependencies and statistically-significant offsets compared to those of Pettini and Pagel (2004), Nagao et al. (2006) and P\'erez-Montero and Contini (2009). The O3N2 and N2 indicators can be empirically applied to derive oxygen abundances calibrations from either direct abundance determinations with random errors of 0.18 and 0.16, respectively, or from indirect ones (but based on a large amount of data) reaching an average precision of 0.08 and 0.09 dex (random) and 0.02 and 0.08 dex (systematic; compared to the direct estimations),respectively.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Role of PTPN22 and CSK gene polymorphisms as predictors of susceptibility and clinical heterogeneity in patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis)

INTRODUCTION: To determine whether the PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22)/CSK (c-src tyrosine kinase) pathway is implicated in the susceptibility and clinical heterogeneity of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) in the largest series of Caucasian HSP patients ever assessed for genetic studies. METHODS: A set of 329 Spanish patients diagnosed with HSP fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology and the Michel et al. classification criteria and 515 sex and ethnically matched controls were recruited in this study. Two well-known CSK (CSK rs34933034 and CSK rs1378942) and two functional PTPN22 (PTPN22 rs2476601 (R620W) and PTPN22 rs33996649 (R263Q)) polymorphisms, previously associated with autoimmunity, were genotyped with TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays. RESULTS: No significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies between HSP patients and controls were observed when the CSK rs34933034, CSK rs1378942, PTPN22 rs2476601 (R620W) and PTPN22 rs33996649 (R263Q) polymorphisms were analyzed independently. In keeping with this observation, no significant differences were found when we assessed these polymorphisms combined conforming haplotypes. In addition, there were no differences in the allele or genotype frequencies when HSP patients were stratified according the age at disease onset, sex, presence of arthralgia/arthritis, nephritis or gastrointestinal manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support association between PTPN22/CSK and HSP