Réactions aux approches d’enseignement utilisées — Indices révélateurs des véritables besoins des apprenants vietnamiens

Cet article trace un portrait de l'enseignement du français, langue étrangère, au Vietnam. L'autrice expose d'abord son point de vue quant à la situation générale de l'enseignement du français dans ce pays; elle analyse ensuite les différentes approches qu'on y utilise pour enseigner le français; elle les situe au regard des attitudes et des comportements des apprenants. Une comparaison entre les approches contestées et celles non contestées, qui tient compte des réactions d'apprenants devant chaque approche, désigne non pas l'orientation communicative, mais l'absence de la grammaire explicite au sein de l'approche communicative comme la pierre d'achoppement de cette approche.This article describes the teaching of French as a foreign language in Vietnam. The author presents her views of the general context of French teaching and then analyses the various approaches used for teaching French in terms of learner attitudes and behaviors. A comparison between those approaches being criticized and those accepted is developed in terms of learners' reactions to each approach. The major criticism of the communicative approach seems not to be its main objective but rather the absence of explicit grammar teaching.Este articulo traza un perfil de la ensenanza del francés en el Vietnam. La autora expone primero su pun to de vista sobre la situacion general de la ensenanza del francés en ese pais, para después analizar los diferentes enfoques utilizados, ubicandolos con respecto a actitudes y comportamientos de los estudiantes. Una comparacion entre enfoques impugnados y aceptados, que toma en consideraciôn las reacciones de los estudiantes hacia cada enfoque, senala como escollo mayor no tan to la orientacion comunicativa sino la ausencia de gramâtica explicita dentro del enfoque comunicativo.Dieser Artikel beschreibt den Franzôsischunterricht (Franzôsisch als Fremdsprache) in Vietnam. Zunàchst legt die Autorin dar, wie sie die allgemeine Lage des Franzôsischunterrichts in diesem Land beurteilt. Dann untersucht sie die verschiedenen dort gângigen Methoden des Franzôsischunterrichts, wobei sie besonders die Reaktionen der Lernenden berûcksichtigt. Aus einem Vergleich zwischen den kritisierten und den nicht kritisierten Methoden geht hervor, dass es nicht an der Kommunikationsorientierung der Méthode liegt, wenn eine Méthode scheitert, sondern am Fehlen einer ausdrucklich gelehrten Grammatik

Passing-by 'Ca va?' checks in clinic corridors

We have conducted a video-based field study on work interactions between staff members in the corridors of a hospital outpatient clinic in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. In this paper, we examine a specific mobile interactional configuration: passing-by interactions in which staff members get involved as they walk following close and parallel trajectories going in opposite directions. We also examine a specific conversational activity performed in the corridors: checks – introduced by the French expression “Ça va?” (Going okay?) – with which one staff member verifies that the situation of a colleague conforms to a routine state of affairs. Adopting the approaches of multimodal and conversation analysis, we point out features of the interactional configuration and the conversational activity under consideration that participants combine in some excerpts analyzed in the paper. Passing-by checks are practically accomplished, on the spot, through the sequential, embodied and embedded conduct of the staff members. We identify resources involved in building close but non- convergent trajectories, limiting interactional involvement, and coordinating talk and walk for a fleeting co-presence. The article contributes to the study of “on-the-move” contingent interactions as they happen in hospital corridors

Unravelling 'omics' data with the R package mixOmics

Unravelling 'omics' data with the R package mixOmic

integrOmics: an R package to unravel relationships between two omics datasets

Motivation: With the availability of many ‘omics’ data, such as transcriptomics, proteomics or metabolomics, the integrative or joint analysis of multiple datasets from different technology platforms is becoming crucial to unravel the relationships between different biological functional levels. However, the development of such an analysis is a major computational and technical challenge as most approaches suffer from high data dimensionality. New methodologies need to be developed and validated

Espèces condensables issues de torréfaction de biomasses lignocellulosiques : caractérisation aux échelles laboratoire et pilote

Torrefaction is mild thermal treatment carried out between 200 and 300 °C, in an inert atmosphere, improving properties of biomass, in order to use it as a biocombustible. This study focuses on the characterisation of the condensable species released during torrefaction, at laboratory and pilot scale. In the laboratory, some samples of pine, ash wood, miscanthus and wheat straw were torrefied at 250, 280 and 300 °C in a fixed bed reactor. The condensable species were analysed by GC-MS, GC-GC and HPLC-MS. Around a hundred of species were identified, including around twenty were quantified and represented 77 % of the condensable species. At pilot scale, a continuous reactor was designed, improved and characterised to treat several kg.h-1 of biomass. A multi-step recovery system for the condensable species was developped. Torrefaction experiments showed that the condensed fractions had different chemical compositions.La torréfaction est un traitement thermique opéré entre 200 et 300 °C en atmosphère inerte améliorant certaines propriétés de la biomasse, afin d’utiliser celle-ci comme biocombustible. Nos travaux portent spécifiquement sur la caractérisation des espèces condensables produitesen torréfaction, aux échelles laboratoire et pilote. En laboratoire, des échantillons de pin, frêne, miscanthus et paille de blé ont été torréfiés à 250, 280 et 300 °C en réacteur à lit fixe. Les espèces condensables ont ensuite été analysées par GC-MS, GC-GC et HPLC-MS. Cette analyse a permis d’identifier une centaine d’espèces, dont une vingtaine, quantifiée, représente 77 % des condensables. À l’échelle pilote, un réacteur continu a été conçu, amélioré et caractérisé pour torréfier quelques kg.h-1 de biomasse. Un système de récupération multi-étagée des condensables a été développé. Des essais de torréfaction ont montré que les fractions condensées présentent des compositions chimiques différentes

Selection of biologically relevant genes with a wrapper stochastic algorithm

International audienceWe investigate an important issue of a meta-algorithm for selecting variables in the framework of microarray data. This wrapper method starts from any classification algorithm and weights each variable (i.e. gene) relative to its efficiency for classification. An optimization procedure is then inferred which exhibits important genes for the studied biological process. Theory and application with the SVM classifier were presented in Gadat and Younes, 2007 and we extend this method with CART. The classification error rates are computed on three famous public databases (Leukemia, Colon and Prostate) and compared with those from other wrapper methods (RFE, lo norm SVM, Random Forests). This allows the assessment of the statistical relevance of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, a biological interpretation with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software outputs clearly shows that the gene selections from the different wrapper methods raise very relevant biological information, compared to a classical filter gene selection with T-test

Model-based joint visualization of multiple compositional omics datasets

The integration of multiple omics datasets measured on the same samples is a challenging task: data come from heterogeneous sources and vary in signal quality. In addition, some omics data are inherently compositional, e.g. sequence count data. Most integrative methods are limited in their ability to handle covariates, missing values, compositional structure and heteroscedasticity. In this article we introduce a flexible model-based approach to data integration to address these current limitations: COMBI. We combine concepts, such as compositional biplots and log-ratio link functions with latent variable models, and propose an attractive visualization through multiplots to improve interpretation. Using real data examples and simulations, we illustrate and compare our method with other data integration techniques. Our algorithm is available in the R-package combi