CHAPTER 8: DWIGHT READ: TOWARDS A NEW PARADIGM: FOLLOWED BY A DISCUSSION BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND DWIGHT READ

Here I report on Dwight Read’s theory for a paradigm change in kinship anthropology which entails kinship terminologies being interpreted as symbolic computational systems based on kin-term products. I also report on how Read argues that different conceptualizations of sibling, either sibling resulting by descent from parent, or sibling viewed in terms of shared parentage, two cultural conceptions that are rendered – here exemplifying the masculine side – by the kin-term products, S o F = B [son of father = brother] or F o B = F [father of brother = father), lead to respectively building up a descriptive or a classificatory terminology. The chapter also deals with how Dwight Read accounts for the relationship between genealogical tracing and the working out of kin terms using kin-term products and how the logic of kin-term products is consistent with the extension of kin terms to kin-type categories beyond the primary ones.The paper also reports on a discussion between Dwight Read and the author, initiated by questions and observations from the latter, regarding different aspects of Read’s reasoning. Not exhaustively, to be mentioned here is the way kin relationships are concretely worked out using kin-term products, the model of the family space and the nuclear family, group marriage,  how the conceptualization of sibling in terms of shared parentage expressed through the kin-term product F o B = F [father o brother = father] relates to ethnographic data, the nature of the logic of kinship terminologies, the status of the structural equation S o F = B [son o father = brother] when used within the context of a classificatory terminology, the axiomatic nature of a number of kin-term products pertaining to specific kin terminologies, the equations pertaining to classificatory kinship terminologies that are  likely to algebraically reduce chains of kin-terms products, mapped from corresponding kin type strings, like “son of son of father of father of father” (S o S o F o F o F) is mapped from the collateral genealogical relations, father’s father’s father’s son’s son (fffss or fffbss) to an irreducible kin term, here father, which is the one native speakers use for the said genealogical connection.The discussion also addresses, taking the example of ancient Chinese dialects, the question of what should be the structural prerequisites for a transition from classificatory (Dravidian) terminologies into bifurcate collateral and descriptive terminologies, a transition that is often posited by a number of linguists and anthropologists. Finally, the discussion deals with the question as to whether the kinship terminologies of the world all ultimately derive from a pre-dispersal African Proto-Sapiens kinship terminology. Throughout these lines of discussion, the central question is raised as to why different cultural choices on how siblings are conceptualized were made that led to different human kinship terminologies and social structures

Spatial design for the Lansdowne Road Corridor

The current patterns of urban growth within the city of Cape Town reflect large social inequalities, which is compounded by rapid population growth and urbanisation experienced in the city. The intention of this dissertation is address current socio-spatial inequalities through the management of urban growth, specifically targeted at interventions within the poorest parts of the city through the design of the Lansdowne urban corridor. The theoretical framework for establishing the tools for the management of urban growth are informed by the generic problems with the structure of South African cities, global challenges that face the growth of all cities, and an understanding of what informs the making of spatial plans. An important finding of this is the need for the re-structuring of South African cities to increase integration of historically fragmented areas. The spatial analysis represents the application of the theoretical findings to the context of Cape Town. The analysis is undertaken at a number of scales, to establish the constraints and opportunities present in the area, to inform the spatial design of the corridor area. The intention of the plan is to establish where the investment of direct public funds should occur to generate movement of people within the area, which small scale enterprises can respond to, thus strengthening the conditions for self-sustaining livelihood strategies to occur. An essential part of this requires the restructuring of the existing spatial structure to create a more integrated urban form, which is resolved at the precinct scale

The professionalisation of British public relations in the twentieth century : a history

The thesis presents a first account of the development of British public relations in the twentieth century. The focus is on the whether British public relations has managed to 'professionalise'. To a large degree, the story is one of failure, despite the exponential growth of the field. The history of this puzzling contradiction is explored in detail, drawing on previously untapped archives and extensive oral history interviews. The thesis argues that this apparent paradox is explained by the inability of the would-be professional body to establish control over public relations practice. Thus, one of the key features of the thesis is its presentation of a counter-history of the Institute of Public Relations to that body's own selfunderstanding. Turning to the overall development and growth of the occupation, the thesis argues that one of the most significant features of British developments, especially in the first half of the twentieth century, was the large role played by local and central governments and the relatively small contribution of the private sector. Key aspects of British government propaganda in both wartime and peacetime are highlighted and also include activities focused on policies of de-colonisation and economic intervention. The contribution of the British Film Documentary Movement and the collaboration between its leader, John Grierson, and the Secretary of the Empire Marketing Board (EMB), Sir Stephen Tallents, is presented as being of considerable significance, particularly in terms of the development of public relations ideology. The discourse and actions of key figures within the public relations industry are also foregrounded in the overall analysis. Themes include relationships between the public relations industry, the media and politics, ethics, and the ultimately vain attempts of the industry to establish the widespread legitimacy necessary for professional status

The development, implementation and evlauation of a counselling model for adolescents and youth living with HIV/AIDS in Lusikisi, Eastern Cape

ABSTRACT The main aim of the study was to develop a Cognitive-behavioural based counselling model for adolescents and youth living with HIV/AIDS in Lusikisiki in the Eastern Cape. In particular, the study sought to develop, implement and evaluate a counselling model that could be applied to adolescents and youth living with HIV/AIDS. The aspects of living with HIV/AIDS that the model was to impact were somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. The main hypothesis of the study was that the counselling model would generate significantly greater reductions in the mean level of somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression of the experimental group relative to the control group. A total of 76 participants were drawn from Goso Forest Primary Health Care Clinic and The Village Primary Health Care Clinic to serve as the experimental (n = 38) and control groups (n = 38), respectively. The mean age of the experimental group was 22.2 years (SD = 2.0 years; range 18-24 years) while the mean age of the control group was 22.4 (SD = 2.1; range 18-24). The experimental group received three weekly sessions of counselling following the structured counselling model while the control group received routine counselling in the form of a weekly support group which was facilitated by MSF counsellors. The support group consisted of approximately 45 people who had either been recently diagnosed or who had been diagnosed for a long period of time. The development of the current counselling model consisted of a needs assessment and a focus group discussion with the service providers. The counselling model was implemented for a period of six months. The counselling model was evaluated by conducting a series of postinterventions: one immediately post-intervention (T2), one after a period of one month (T3) and another after three months (T4). The effect of the counselling model was assessed by comparing participants’ cognitive and behavioural outcomes against their pre-intervention performance (within-subjects analysis) and also by comparing the effect of the counselling model on the experimental group relative to the control group receiving routine counselling. Instruments used to gather data included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ- 28) that were administered during both the implementation and evaluation phases so as to gather data for the pre-intervention assessment and the post intervention assessments, respectively. The evaluation of the counselling model indicated that the model was effective in reducing all target behaviours except for social dysfunction only. The results also showed that the counselling model produced a significant shortterm and medium-term change in somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression within the experimental group. The study concluded that the psychological needs of adolescents and youth living with HIV/AIDS can be addressed using the counselling model and recommend that it be used as part of the holistic management of adolescents and youth living with HIV/AIDS

Wanted: A Community of Practice for Senior Public Relations Practitioners

The gap between PR theory and practice is not always easily bridged. How self-aware are senior practitioners and how much do they interrogate their thinking when making decisions? Beyond Competence: Concepts, criticality and expertise In a previous Thought Leadership article (Gorpe, S, February 2013), Dr Serra Gorpe, Professor of Communications at Istanbul University wrote 'I still have a hard time explaining to students and people from the general public what exactly we do'. She is not the first academic or practitioner to articulate this challenge. The interesting question is 'Why?' And this is where our recent work at Queen Margaret University in Scotland has focused.div_MCaPApub3358pu

Accessing PR expertise: methodological considerations

The nature of public relations expertise and knowledge has been rather under-researched. In particular, practitioners' perspectives and, more to the point, their voices, have been given little attention. Consequently, we have begun to redress this lack through a twelve month funded project . The study was originally designed from the perspective that academic research could identify conceptual or knowledge gaps in practice that could be filled through the transmission of useful knowledge/cognitive skills, an assumption that has dominated much of the literature. During the progress of this research we came to appreciate that a deeper and more complex challenge existed in understanding how practitioners learn. Consequently, our study evolved from a deficit model of professional development into a series of iterative interventions. These took place during a longer term research relationship aiming to elicit practitioners' ideas about their daily work and the underpinning expertise and knowledges accumulated through learning and over time. We were particularly interested in the work of experienced practitioners who were recognised as such by their professional peer group and identified as 'senior'. In this article we provide a brief synopsis of relevant literature and outline the rationale and approach taken to our empirical work, foregrounding the methodological challenges entailed in accessing the ideas of practitioners about the nature of their expertise, knowledge and learning. We begin with a discussion of insights from the public relations literature and then proceed to draw on sociological, cultural studies and educational theory to indicate useful lines of analysis and future inquirydiv_MCaPAAhva, L. (2013). 'Public journalism and professional reflexivity'. Journalism 14(6): 790-806. Baskin, O., Hahn, J., Seaman, S., & Reines, D. (2010) 'Perceived effectiveness and implementation of public relations measurement and evaluation tools among European providers and consumers of PR services'. Public Relations Review 36(2): 105-111. Benecke, D. R. & Bezuidenhout, R-M. 'Experiential learning in public relations education in South Africa'. Journal of Communication Management 15(1): 55-69. Bissland, J. H. & Rentner, T. L. (1989) 'Public relations' quest for professionalism: an empirical study. Public Relations Review 15(3): 53. Bourdieu, P (1986) 'The forms of capital'. In Richardson, J (Ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood: 241-258. Bourdieu, P (1998) In Television and Journalism. London: Pluto Press. Bowen, S. (2008). 'A state of neglect: public relations as corporate conscience- or ethics counsel'. Journal of Public Relations Research 20(3): 271-296. Brincker, B. & Gundelach, P. (2005). 'Sociologists in action: a critical exploration of the intervention method'. Acta Sociologica 48(4): 365-375. Bucher, R & Strauss, A (1976) 'Professions in process'. In Hammersley, M & Woods, P (Eds.). The process of schooling: a sociological reader. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Cameron, G., Sallot, L., Lariscy, R. A. (1996). 'Developing standards of professional performance in public relations'. Public Relations Review 22(1): 43-61. Carbaugh, D., Nuciforo, E., Molina-Markham, E. & B. van Over (2011) 'Discursive reflexivity in the ethnography of communication: cultural discourse analysis'. Cultural Studies -Critical Methodologies 11(2): 1523-164. Castells, M. (2009) The rise of the network society. Wiley-Blackwell. Coombs, W. T., Holladay, S. Hasenauer, G. & B. Signitzer (1994). 'A comparative analysis of international public relations: identification and interpretation of similarities and differences between professionalisation in Austria, Norway and the United States'. Journal of Public Relations Research 6(1): 23-39. Cunliffe, A. (2004). 'On becoming a critically reflexive practitioner.' Journal of Management Education 28(4): 407-426. Cunliffe, A. & Jun, J. S. (2005). 'The need for reflexivity in public administration'. Administration & Society 37(2): 225-242. Deleuze, G & Guattari, F. (2013) A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia (Bloomsbury Revelations). London: Bloomsbury Academic. Doyle, S. (2013). 'Reflexivity and the capacity to think'. Qualitative Health Research 23(2): 248-255. Dreyfus, D & Dreyfus, S (1986) Mind over machine: the power of human intuition and expertise in the era of the computer. New York: NY Free Press. Edwards, A. (2010). Being an expert professional practitioner: the relational turn in expertise. London: Springer. Engestrom, Y. (2007) 'From communities of practice to mycorrhizae'. In Hughes, J, Jewson, N & Unwin, L (Eds.) Communities of Practice: critical perspectives. London: Routledge. Engestrom, Y (2009) 'The future of activity theory: a rough draft.' In Sannino, A, Daniels, H & Gutierrez, K (Eds.) Learning and Expanding with Activity Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fawkes, J. (2012) 'Saints and sinners: competing identities in public relations ethics'. Public Relations Review 38(5): 865-872. Fishcer, R. (1998). 'Public relations problem solving: heuristics and expertise'. Journal of Public Relations Research 10(2): 127-153. Gilsdorf, J. W. & Vawter, L. K. (1983). 'Public relations professionals rate their associations'. Public Relations Review 9(4): 26-40. Gonalves, G., de Carvalho Spinola, S. & C. Padamo (2013) 'Analysing public relations education through international standards: the Portugese case' Public Relations Review 39: 612-614. Goodson, I. (1981) 'Becoming an academic subject: patterns of explanation and evolution'. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 2:2, 163-180. Goodson, I. (2000) 'The principled professional'. Prospects, xxx:2, June. Goodson, I (2001) 'Social histories of educational change'. Journal of Educational Change, 2, 45-63. Grunig, J. (2000) 'Collectivism, collaboration, and societal corporatism as core professional values in public relations'. Journal of Public Relations Research 12(1): 23-48. Hazleton, V. & Sha, B-L (2012) 'Generalizing from PRSA to public relations: how to accommodate sampling bias in public relations scholarship'. Public Relations Review 38(3): 438-445. Holland, R. (1999). 'Reflexivity'. Human Relations 52(4):463-484. Hutchison, D. & Bosacki, S. (2000). 'Over the edge: can holistic education cotnrnibute to experiential education?' Journal of Experiential Education 23(3):177-181. Jeong, J-Y (2011) 'Practitioners' perceptions of their ethics in Korean global firms'. Public Relations Review 37(1): 99-102. Kang, J-A (2010) 'Ethical conflict and job satisfaction of public relations practitioners'. Public Relations Review 36(2): 152-156. Lalonde, C. & Roux-Dufort, C. (2012) 'Challenges in teaching crisis management: connecting theories, skills and reflexivity'. Journal of Management Education 37(1): 21-50. Lave, J (2008) 'Everyday life and learning'. In Murphy, P & McCormick, R (Eds.) Knowledge and Practice: Representations and identities, 3-14. Lave, J. & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. L'Etang, J. (1999) 'Public relations education in Britain: an historical review in the context of professionalisation'. Public Relations Review 25(3): 261-289. Maclean, M., Harvey, C. & Chia, R. (2012). 'Reflexive practice and the making of elite business careers'. Management Learning 43(4): 385-404. Mahon, N. & Ranchhod, A. (2008). 'Searching for the Holy Grail: the Creative Skills that various Stakeholders Value'. Journal of Creative Communications 3(3): 255-277. Martin, L. & Shalley, C. (2011) Small Group Research 42(5): 536-561. Molleda, J-C & Athaydes, A. (2003). 'Public relations licensing in Brazil: evolution and the views of professionals'. Public Relations Review 29(3): 271-279. Pang, A. & Yeo, S. L. (2012) 'Examining the expertise, experience, and expedience of crisis consultants in Singapore'. Public Relations Review 38(5): 853-864. Pieczka, M. (2008) 'The disappearing act: PR consultancy in research and theory', Top Paper, PR Division, paper presented at the International Communication Association conference, 22-26 May. Pieczka, M. (2007) 'Case studies as narrative accounts of PR practice'. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(4), 333-356. Pieczka, M. (2006) 'PR expertise in practice'. In L'Etang, J. & Pieczka, M. (Eds.) Public relations: critical debates and contemporary practice. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 279-302. Pieczka, M. (2006). '-Chemistry- and the public relations industry: an exploration of the concept of jurisdiction and issues arising'. In L'Etang, J. & Pieczka, M. (Eds.) Public relations: critical debates and contemporary practice. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 303-330. Sallot, L., Cameron, G. & Lariscy, R. A. (1997) 'Professional standards in public relations: a survey of educators'. Public Relations Review 23(3): 197-216. Sallot, L., Cameron, G. & Lariscy, R. A. (1998) 'Pluralistic ignorance and professional standards: underestimating professionalism of our peers in public relations'. Public Relations Review 24(1): 1-19. Schon, D (1983) The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. London: Ashgate. Sha, B-L (2011). '2010 Practice analysis: professional competencies and work categories in public relations today. Public Relations Review 37(3): 187-196. Sha, B-L (2011). 'Does accreditation really matter in public relations practice? How age and experience compare to accreditation. Public Relations Review 37(1): 1-11. Simonton, D. K. (2012) 'Teaching creativity: current findings, trends, and controversies in the psychology of creativity'. Teaching Psychology 393: 217-222. Tanggard, L. (2013). 'The sociomateriality of creativity in everyday life'. Culture & Psychology 19(1): 20-32. Tripp, D. (1993). Critical incidents in teaching. London: Routledge. Van Ruler, B. (2005). 'Commentary: professionals are from Venus, scholars are from Mars'. Public Relations Review 31(2): 159-173. Vygotsky, L. (1978) Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of practice: learning, meaning and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Webster-Wright, A. (2010). Authentic professional learning: making a difference through learning at work. London: Springer: xxx-221. Wright, D. (2011). 'History and development of public relations education in North America: a critical analysis'. Journal of Communication Management 15(3): 236-255. Xavier, R., Johnston, K. Patel, A., Watson, T. & Simmons, P. (2005). 'Using evaluation techniques and performance claims to demonstrate public relations impact: an Australian perspective. Public Relations Review 31(3): 417-424.unpub3340unpu

Promoting social change in the Arab Gulf : two case studies of communication programmes in Kuwait and Bahrain

The thesis presents rich empirical analysis of the role of public relations in facilitating participation in social change in the Arab Gulf. The focus is on what public communication approaches are used and how they are regarded from the perspectives of the key social actors. It presents an historical and sociological background of public communication and media in the Arab Gulf. Moreover, it provides in-depth analysis of two empirical case studies in the Arab Gulf: Ghiras, the national drugs prevention programme in Kuwait, and Be Free, the voluntary anti-child abuse programme in Bahrain. This thesis relates the practice of public communication in the Arab Gulf society to Arabic culture and ethics. The thesis uses a qualitative constructivist paradigm to “re-construct” the multiple realities initially constructed by social actors in the cases to provide original insights on the role of public communication and public relations in social change in the Arab Gulf. It presents a new perspective of 'social change' in the two cases that is tied to Islamic ethics. Besides, it re-constructs original Arabic-oriented understanding of 'relational' and 'persuasion' approaches, which differs from the Western paradigm. One of the key contributions of the thesis is its adaptation of relevant Western communication models to the empirical Arab Gulf cases to identify some of the crucial factors of the practice and role of public communication in the Arab Gulf. The unique contribution of this thesis is that it develops a greater understanding of alternative cultural context that might contribute to the adaptations of existing theory and therefore a first step towards new models. It introduces a theoretical framework for other scholars to develop an Arabic public communication ethics theory and to build up a cultural model of the practice of public communication and public relations in the Arab Gulf. The thesis generates key theoretical implications that contribute to the theoretical discussion on the value and role of media, public relations, social marketing, and public communication in the Arab Gulf society at the age of globalisation.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Observations de M. le lieutenant-général Comte Dupont, sur l'Histoire de France, etc.

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 200

Public relations, passive aggression and critical social auditing: Reflections on organisational inaction in stakeholder engagement

This article explores issues associated with organisational governance in the context of stakeholder engagement. It argues that both public relations (PR) research and practice have yet to address systematically the challenges inherent in this area, particularly how organisations exert power over stakeholders. Prompted by a consideration of the situational theory of power put forward by the sociologist Steven Lukes, it introduces the concept of passive aggression to PR practice. This is cited as an example of a wider phenomenon, which the author calls dark dialogue. The insights generated by these perspectives are used to highlight how theoretical approaches in the PR field that seek to understand and promote the role of dialogue in organisational-stakeholder relations face an empirical challenge. This insight is then used to highlight the limitations of what has been traditionally termed as social auditing. It is suggested that PR and social auditing practice share the same blind spots when it comes to assessing how organisations exercise power and behave towards their stakeholders. The article goes on to advocate collaboration between PR professionals and academics to practically address these issues through a reconfigured social auditing process. It ends by suggesting that action research provides a methodological framework through which these theory-practice interactions can be facilitated productively

‘A nation of town criers’: civic publicity and historical pageantry in inter-war Britain

Historical pageantry emerged in 1905 as the brainchild of the theatrical impresario Louis Napoleon Parker. Large casts of volunteers re-enacted successive scenes of local history, as crowds of thousands watched on, in large outdoor arenas. As the press put it, Britain had caught ‘pageant fever’. Towards the end of the 1920s, there was another outburst of historical pageantry. Yet, in contrast to the Edwardian period, when pageants took place in small towns, this revival was particularly vibrant in large industrial towns and cities. This article traces the popularity of urban pageantry to an inter-war ‘civic publicity’ movement. In doing so, it reassesses questions of local cultural decline; the role of local government; and the relationship of civic responsibility to popular theatre