188 research outputs found
Cytisine versus varenicline for smoking cessation for MÄori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) and their extended family:Protocol for a randomized nonâinferiority trial
Background and aims Cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist (like varenicline) found in some plants, is a low-cost, effective smoking cessation medication that may appeal to MÄori [the indigenous people of New Zealand (NZ)]. The RAUORA trial aims to determine the effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of cytisine (TabexÂź) versus varenicline (ChampixÂź) for smoking cessation in MÄori and the whÄnau (extended family) of MÄori. Design Pragmatic, community-based, open-label randomized non-inferiority trial. Setting Lakes District Health Board region, NZ. Participants Daily smokers (n = 2140) who self-identify as MÄori or whÄnau of MÄori, and are: aged â„ 18 years, motivated to quit smoking in the next 2 weeks, eligible for subsidized varenicline, able to provide verbal consent and have daily access to a mobile phone/internet. Recruitment uses multi-media advertising. Intervention and comparator Participants are randomized (1 : 1 ratio) to receive a prescription for 12 weeks of cytisine tablets [following the manufacturerâs dosing regimen for 25 days, then one 1.5-mg tablet every 6 hours (two per day) until 12 weeks] or varenicline tablets (following the manufacturerâs dosing regimen). Both groups receive brief stop-smoking advice from the prescribing doctor and withdrawal-orientated behavioural support via community-based stop-smoking counselling services (frequency, duration and mode of delivery tailored for participants) or a research assistant (six weekly 10â15- minute calls). Participants are advised to reduce their smoking over the first 4 days of treatment, with day 5 as their designated quit-date. Measurements The primary outcome is carbon monoxide-verified continuous abstinence at 6 months post-quit date. Secondary outcomes at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-quit date include: self-reported continuous abstinence, 7-day point prevalence abstinence, cigarettes per day, time to (re)lapse, adverse events, treatment adherence/compliance, treatment acceptability, nicotine withdrawal/urge to smoke and health-care utilization/health- related quality of life. Comments This trial compares cytisine and varenicline when used by the indigenous people of NZ and their extended family for smoking cessation
Cytisine versus varenicline for smoking cessation in MÄori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) and their extended family: Study protocol for a randomised, non-inferiority trial
Background and aims: Cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist (like varenicline) found in some plants, is a low-cost, effective smoking cessation medication that may appeal to MÄori (the indigenous people of New Zealand [NZ]). The RAUORA trial aims to determine the effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of cytisine (TabexÂź) versus varenicline (ChampixÂź) for smoking cessation in MÄori and whÄnau [extended family] of MÄori.
Design: Pragmatic, community-based, open-label randomised non-inferiority trial.
Setting: Lakes District Health Board region, NZ.
Participants: Daily smokers (n=2,140) who self-identify as MÄori or whÄnau of MÄori, and are: aged â„18 years, motivated to quit smoking in the next two weeks, eligible for subsidised varenicline, able to provide verbal consent, and have daily access to a mobile phone/internet. Recruitment uses multi-media advertising.
Intervention and comparator: Participants are randomised (1:1 ratio) to receive a prescription for 12-weeks of cytisine tablets (following the manufacturer's dosing regimen for 25 days, then one 1.5mg tablet every six hours [two per day] until 12 weeks) or varenicline tablets (following the manufacturer's dosing regimen). Both groups receive brief stop-smoking advice from the prescribing doctor and withdrawal-oriented behavioural support via community-based stop-smoking counselling services (frequency, duration and mode of delivery tailored for participants) or a research assistant (six weekly 10-15 minute calls). Participants are advised to reduce their smoking over the first four days of treatment, with day five their designated quit-date.
Measurements: The primary outcome is carbon-monoxide verified, continuous abstinence at six months post-quit date. Secondary outcomes at one, three, six and 12 months post-quit date include: self-reported continuous abstinence, 7-day point prevalence abstinence, cigarettes per day, time to (re)lapse, adverse events, treatment adherence/compliance, treatment acceptability, nicotine withdrawal/urge to smoke, and healthcare utilisation/health-related quality of life.
Comments: This trial compares cytisine and varenicline when used by the indigenous people of NZ and their extended family for smoking cessation
Nap sleep spindle correlates of intelligence
Contains fulltext :
152518.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Sleep spindles are thalamocortical oscillations in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, that play an important role in sleep-related neuroplasticity and offline information processing. Several studies with full-night sleep recordings have reported a positive association between sleep spindles and fluid intelligence scores, however more recently it has been shown that only few sleep spindle measures correlate with intelligence in females, and none in males. Sleep spindle regulation underlies a circadian rhythm, however the association between spindles and intelligence has not been investigated in daytime nap sleep so far. In a sample of 86 healthy male human subjects, we investigated the correlation between fluid intelligence and sleep spindle parameters in an afternoon nap of 100 minutes. Mean sleep spindle length, amplitude and density were computed for each subject and for each derivation for both slow and fast spindles. A positive association was found between intelligence and slow spindle duration, but not any other sleep spindle parameter. As a positive correlation between intelligence and slow sleep spindle duration in full-night polysomnography has only been reported in females but not males, our results suggest that the association between intelligence and sleep spindles is more complex than previously assumed
Greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios for major emitting countries - Analysis of current climate policies and mitigation commitments: 2019 update
This report by NewClimate Institute, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) provides an overview of projected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 25 major emitting countries/regions up to 2030, taking into account the emission trajectories based on current policies and the implementation of nationally determined contributions (NDCs). The report concludes that 12 out of the 25 countries and regions analysed are not on track to achieve the NDC targets they have set for themselves. This report updates the 2018 report, and for the first time presents additional key indicators next to greenhouse gas emissions
Ask yeast how to burn your fats: lessons learned from the metabolic adaptation to salt stress
[EN] Here, we review and update the recent advances in the metabolic control during the adaptive response of budding yeast to hyperosmotic and salt stress, which is one of the best understood signaling events at the molecular level. This environmental stress can be easily applied and hence has been exploited in the past to generate an impressively detailed and comprehensive model of cellular adaptation. It is clear now that this stress modulates a great number of different physiological functions of the cell, which altogether contribute to cellular survival and adaptation. Primary defense mechanisms are the massive induction of stress tolerance genes in the nucleus, the activation of cation transport at the plasma membrane, or the production and intracellular accumulation of osmolytes. At the same time and in a coordinated manner, the cell shuts down the expression of housekeeping genes, delays the progression of the cell cycle, inhibits genomic replication, and modulates translation efficiency to optimize the response and to avoid cellular damage. To this fascinating interplay of cellular functions directly regulated by the stress, we have to add yet another layer of control, which is physiologically relevant for stress tolerance. Salt stress induces an immediate metabolic readjustment, which includes the up-regulation of peroxisomal biomass and activity in a coordinated manner with the reinforcement of mitochondrial respiratory metabolism. Our recent findings are consistent with a model, where salt stress triggers a metabolic shift from fermentation to respiration fueled by the enhanced peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids. We discuss here the regulatory details of this stress-induced metabolic shift and its possible roles in the context of the previously known adaptive functions.The work of the authors was supported by
grants from Ministerio de EconomĂa y Competitividad (BFU2011-
23326 and BFU2016-75792-R).Pascual-Ahuir Giner, MD.; Manzanares-Estreder, S.; TimĂłn GĂłmez, A.; Proft ., MH. (2017). Ask yeast how to burn your fats: lessons learned from the metabolic adaptation to salt stress. Current Genetics. 64(1):63-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-017-0724-5S6369641Aguilera J, Prieto JA (2001) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldose reductase is implied in the metabolism of methylglyoxal in response to stress conditions. Curr Genet 39:273â283Albertyn J, Hohmann S, Thevelein JM, Prior BA (1994) GPD1, which encodes glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is essential for growth under osmotic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its expression is regulated by the high-osmolarity glycerol response pathway. Mol Cell Biol 14:4135â4144Alepuz PM, Jovanovic A, Reiser V, Ammerer G (2001) Stress-induced map kinase Hog1 is part of transcription activation complexes. 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Cadmium inhibitory action leads to changes in structure of ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Neuroscience and education: prime time to build the bridge
As neuroscience gains social traction and entices media attention, the notion that education has much to benefit from brain
research becomes increasingly popular. However, it has been argued that the fundamental bridge toward education is cognitive
psychology, not neuroscience. We discuss four specific cases in which neuroscience synergizes with other disciplines to serve
education, ranging from very general physiological aspects of human learning such as nutrition, exercise and sleep, to brain
architectures that shape the way we acquire language and reading, and neuroscience tools that increasingly allow the early
detection of cognitive deficits, especially in preverbal infants. Neuroscience methods, tools and theoretical frameworks have
broadened our understanding of the mind in a way that is highly relevant to educational practice. Although the bridgeâs cement is
still fresh, we argue why it is prime time to march over it
Memory-guided force output is associated with self-reported ADHD symptoms in young adults
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorder in childhood and persists into adulthood in up to 65 % of cases. ADHD is associated with adverse outcomes such as the ability to gain and maintain employment and is associated with an increased risk for substance abuse obesity workplace injuries and traffic accidents A majority of diagnosed children have motor deficits; however, few studies have examined motor deficits in young adults. This study provides a novel examination of visuomotor control of grip force in young adults with and without ADHD. Participants were instructed to maintain force production over a 20-second trial with and without real-time visual feedback about their performance. The results demonstrated that when visual feedback was available, adults with ADHD produced slightly higher grip force than controls. However, when visual feedback was removed, adults with ADHD had a faster rate of decay of force, which was associated with ADHD symptom severity and trait impulsivity. These findings suggest that there may be important differences in the way that adults with ADHD integrate visual feedback during continuous motor tasks. These may account for some of the motor impairments reported in children with ADHD. These deficits could result from (1) dysfunctional sensory motor integration and/or (2) deficits in short-term visuomotor memory
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