Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) activity of biogenic gold and silver nanoparticles using seaweed Sargassum wightii

1252-1257Biogenic gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles were synthesized using seaweed Sargassum wightii (Sw) and their antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) was evaluated. Efficacy of Sw-Au and Sw-Ag nanoparticles against HSV was estimated by the reduction of cytopathic effect (CPE) caused by HSV, which was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Sw-Au nanoparticles reduced 70% CPE of HSV-1 and HSV-2 at 10 μL and 25 μL, respectively, whereas 2.5 μL Sw-Ag nanoparticles effectively reduced 70% CPE of HSV-1 and HSV-2. Cytotoxicity was estimated in Vero cells by MTT assay. Sw-Au nanoparticles were significantly non-toxic in all the concentrations tested, whereas Sw-Ag nanoparticles were found to be toxic in higher concentrations. Sw-Au nanoparticles showed cell viability of 93.12-85.18 % in the range of 2.5-25 µL, and Sw-Ag nanoparticles showed cell viability of 97.21-21.91% in the range of 1-10 μL. Sw-Au and Sw-Ag nanoparticles effectively reduce the CPE caused by both HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Vero cells and can be used to treat HSV infections

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362