Nitrogen substitutional defects in silicon. A quantum mechanical investigation of the structural, electronic and vibrational properties

RD and FSG acknowledges the CINECA award (HP10CTG8YY) under the ISCRA initiative, for the availability of high performance computing resources and support.The vibrational infrared (IR) and Raman spectra of seven substitutional defects in bulk silicon are computed, by using the quantum mechanical CRYSTAL code, the supercell scheme, an all electron Gaussian type basis set and the B3LYP functional. The relative stability of various spin states has been evaluated, the geometry optimized, the electronic structure analyzed. The IR and Raman intensities have been evaluated analitically. In all cases the IR spectrum is dominated by a single N peak (or by two or three peaks with very close wavenumbers), whose intensity is at least 20 times larger than the one of any other peak. These peaks fall in the 645–712 cm−1 interval, and a shift of few cm−1 is observed from case to case. The Raman spectrum of all defects is dominated by an extremely intense peak at about 530 cm−1, resulting from the (weak) perturbation of the peak of pristine silicon.ISCRA initiative CINECA award (HP10CTG8YY); Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART

Розвиток духовності особистості в процесі фахової підготовки майбутніх учителів образотворчого мистецтва

(uk) У статті наголошується, що вчитель образотворчого мистецтва виступає носієм не лише спеціальних знань та умінь, але і носієм духовних цінностей. Духовне збагачення і вдосконалення кожної особистості відбувається протягом всього життя в тому числі і в процесі навчання. Гуманізація освіти та естетичне виховання спрямовано на формування гармонійної цілісної особистості, загальнокультурний її розвиток. Засобами естетичного виховання в мистецтві виступає художній образ. Художній образ є відображенням дійсності яке містить в собі не лише суб’єктивний досвід автора, його розуміння та відношення до об’єктів дійсності, але і відбитки культурно-історичного досвіду, естетичних цінностей, але і відбитки культурно-історичного досвіду, естетичних цінностей соціуму загалом. На їх базі і формується всебічно та гармонійно розвинута особистість із вищими моральними цінностями, естетичними канонами та ідеалами.(ru) В статье делается акцент на то, что учитель изобразительного искусства выступает носителем не только специальных знаний и умений, но и носителем духовных ценностей. Духовное обогащение и совершенствование каждой личности происходит на протяжении всей жизни в том числе и в процессе обучения. Гуманизация образования и эстетическое воспитание направлены на формирование гармоничной целостной личности и ее общекультурное развитие. Средством эстетического воспитания в искусстве выступает художественный образ. Художественный образ является отражением действительности, которое содержит в себе не только субъективный опыт автора, его понимание и отношение к объектам действительности, но и отпечатки культурно-исторического опыта, эстетических ценностей социума в целом. На их базе и формируется всесторонне и гармонично развитая личность с высокими моральными ценностями, эстетическими канонами и идеалами.(en) Importance of education in society is determined by the need to raise the national consciousness of the saved and nurturing genuine citizen. Spiritual enrichment and improvement of each individual occurs throughout life including during training. Spirituality determines the direction of all mental, emotional, sensual, strong-willed human qualities and its ability to self yourself as a person. Master of Fine Arts acting carrier not only specialized knowledge and skills, but also a bearer of spiritual values. Humanizing education and aesthetic education aims at forming a harmonious whole person, her general cultural development. Art is an integral part of spiritual culture, a reflection of the artistic representations of the human form of the world of reality. The means of aesthetic education in the art of acting artistic image. Artistic image is a reflection of reality, which contains not only the subjective experience of the author, and understanding related to the objects of reality, but the prints are of cultural and historical experience, the aesthetic values of society as a whole. At their base is formed fully and harmoniously developed personality with higher moral values, aesthetic canons and ideals

Sustained citalopram treatment in experimental hepatic encephalopathy: Effects on entrainment to the light-dark cycle and melatonin

Patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy often display altered diurnal rhythm as well as other affective disturbances which motivate treatment with antidepressants. We investigated the effects of sustained treatment with citalopram (10 mg/kg daily, 10 days) on 24-hr behavioural open-field activities in portacaval-shunted (PCS) rats and sham-operated control rats. In addition, the daytime and nighttime serum melatonin levels, as well as the serum concentrations of the enantiomers of citalopram and its metabolites, were analyzed. Untreated PCS rats showed reduced locomotor and rearing activities during nighttime. Citalopram treatment resulted in elevated behavioural activity in the PCS rats during night, indicative of an improved entrainment to the light-dark cycle, whereas no behavioural effect could be observed in sham rats. Higher melatonin levels in both PCS and sham rats were observed during nighttime compared with daytime, but the untreated PCS rats also showed higher daytime melatonin level than the corresponding sham group. Citalopram treatment seemed not to have any major effect on the melatonin levels. Higher serum levels of both citalopram and metabolites were observed in PCS rats as compared to sham rats. An altered ratio between the S- and R-enantiomers could also be observed in the PCS rats. In conclusion, the present data support the contention of a disturbed diurnal rhythm, and that the melatonin activity may be altered, in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. The citalopram treatment resulted in similar behavioural performances and daytime serum melatonin levels in PCS rats and controls, although pharmacokinetic differences were present between the groups

Linköping University Medical Dissertations

P-glycoprotein and chiral antidepressant drugs: Pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenetic and toxicological aspect

Altered brain concentrations of citalopram and escitalopram in P-glycoprotein deficient mice after acute and chronic treatment

Background: According to both in vitro and in vivo data P-glycoprotein (P-gp) may restrict the uptake of several antidepressants into the brain, thus contributing to the poor success rate of current antidepressant therapies. The therapeutic activity of citalopram resides in the Senantiomer, whereas the R-enantiomer is practically devoid of serotonin reuptake potency. To date, no in vivo data are available that address whether the enantiomers of citalopram and its metabolites are substrates of P-gp. Methods: P-gp knockout (abcb1ab (-/-)) and wild-type (abcb1ab (+/+)) mice underwent acute (single-dose) and chronic (two daily doses for 10 days) treatment with citalopram (10 mg/kg) or escitalopram (5 mg/kg). Serum and brain samples were collected 1-6 h after the first or last i.p. injection for subsequent drug analysis by an enantioselective HPLC method. Results: In brain, 3-fold higher concentrations of S- and R-citalopram, and its metabolites, were found in abcb1ab (-/-) mice than in abcb1ab (+/+) mice after both acute and chronic citalopram treatments. After escitalopram treatment, the S-citalopram brain concentration was 3-5 times higher in the knockout mice than in controls. Conclusions: The results provide novel evidence that the enantiomers of citalopram are substrates of P-gp. Possible clinical and toxicological implications of this finding need to be further elucidated

Copyright: Elsevier

Altered brain concentrations of citalopram an

Blood-brain barrier penetration of the enantiomers of venlafaxine and its metabolites in mice lacking P-glycoprotein

According to in vitro studies the enantiomers of venlafaxine display different degrees of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition. Therefore, clarification of the enantiomeric drug distribution between serum and brain is highly warranted. To elucidate if P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in a stereoselective manner transports venlafaxine and its metabolites out of the brain we used abcb1ab double-knockout mice that do not express P-gp. A single dose of racemic venlafaxine (10 mg/kg bw) was intraperitoneally injected to knockout (-/-) and wildtype (+/+) mice. Serum and brain samples were collected 1, 3, 6 and 9 h following drug administration for analysis by LC/MS/MS. One to six hours post-dose, the brain concentrations of venlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine and N-desmethylvenlafaxine were 2-3, 2-6 and 3-12 times higher in abcb1ab (-/-) mice compared to abcb1ab (+/+) mice, respectively. No major differences in the serum and brain disposition of the S- and R-enantiomers of venlafaxine and its metabolites were found between the groups. We conclude that P-gp decreases the penetration of the S- and R-enantiomers of venlafaxine and its major metabolites into the brain. No evidence of a stereoselective P-gp mediated transport of these substances was observed.Original Publication:Louise Karlsson, Ulrich Schmitt, Martin Josefsson, Björn Carlsson, Johan Ahlner, Finn Bengtsson, Fredrik C Kugelberg and Christoph Hiemke, Blood-brain barrier penetration of the enantiomers of venlafaxine and its metabolites in mice lacking P-glycoprotein, 2010, European Neuropsychopharmacology, (20), 9, 632-640.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.04.004Copyright: Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.http://www.elsevier.com

Population Mobility in Karsava Town

Bakalaura darba „Iedzīvotāju mobilitātes izpausmes Kārsavas pilsētā” mērķis ir izanalizēt migrācijas procesu Kārsavas pilsētā. Iedzīvotāju mobilitāte ir jēdziens, ar ko tiek apzīmēta personu kustība vai pārvietošanās. Bakalaura darbā tiek aplūkota galvenokārt iedzīvotāju mobilitāte un tai raksturīgākās iezīmes Kārsavas pilsētā. Darbs tiek strukturēts divās daļās – teorētiskās studijas un Kārsavas pilsētas iedzīvotāju mobilitātes analīze. Pētījumā tiek apskatīti un raksturoti iedzīvotāju saimnieciskie un sociālie faktori pilsētā. Kārsavas pilsētā iedzīvotāju mobilitātes raksturojošie dati tika iegūti, veicot iedzīvotāju anketēšanu Kārsavas pilsētā. Kārsavas pilsētas iedzīvotāju mobilitātes izpausmes tiek apskatītas kā iedzīvotāju ikdienas mobilitāte, kā arī kā starpvalstu migrācija. Atslēgas vārdi: Kārsavas pilsēta, iedzīvotāju mobilitāte, migrācija.The Bachelor paper is titled „Population Mobility in Karsava Town”, is to analyse migration process in the town of Karsava. Population mobility is a term that denotes migration within a population. In this Bachelor’s paper mainly population mobility and its characteristic traits in Karsava town are touched upon and characterized. The paper is structered in two parts, namely, the theoretical study and the analysis of Karsava population mobility. Economic and social factors of population in the town are discussed. The data that characterize population mobility in Karsava town were gained carrying out a survey in Karsava town. The results were processed electronically, using Microsoft Excel. Such traits of Karsava population mobility as people’s everyday mobility and international migration are examined. Keywords: Karsava town, population mobility, migratio

Effects on enantiomeric drug disposition and open-field behavior after chronic treatment with venlafaxine in the P-glycoprotein knockout mice model

Our results show that P-gp at the blood-brain barrier plays an important role in limiting brain entry of the enantiomers of venlafaxine and its metabolites after chronic dosing. Taken together, the present pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic findings offer the possibility that the expression of P-gp in patients may be a contributing factor for limited treatment response.The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com: Louise Karlsson, Christoph Hiemke, Björn Carlsson, Martin Josefsson, Johan Ahlner, Finn Bengtsson, Ulrich Schmitt and Fredrik C Kugelberg, Effects on enantiomeric drug disposition and open-field behavior after chronic treatment with venlafaxine in the P-glycoprotein knockout mice model., 2011, Psychopharmacology, (215), 2, 367-377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-2148-5 Copyright: Springer Science Business Media http://www.springerlink.com