Agro-Ecological Zones and their Impact on Farm Production and Farm Organization after Privatization in Azerbaijan.

The privatization of agriculture in Azerbaijan started in the mid 1990s, while the pace of privatization in the country differs. Some Rayons have privatized almost all of the former state-owned agricultural land while others hold a wait and see strategy. The agricultural administration observes the recent agricultural development with suspicion. Specifically, there are concerns about the decrease in wheat production in the area and about a possible collapse of agriculture production in general. In addition to the perceived changes in agriculture production there are obvious problems on the management of natural resources, which may have an impact on farm production. In this paper we present the results of a combined natural resources and farm household survey conducted during the first six month of the year 2000 in Sagatalla Rayon. The results show the Rayon can be divided into five agro-ecological zones. Agriculture is concentrated in two zones. Average farm income was higher among the households farming in the less favorable agricultural zone, while on a hectare basis the average gross margin for major crops was higher in the more favorable agro-ecological zone. Households without off-farm income opportunities were the losers of privatization. The results further show that wheat production cannot compete with other annual crops like tobacco, maize and vegetables. Further results on net- benefits of improved natural resource management and implications for regional agriculture policies will be discussed.agriculture production, agro-ecological zones, Azerbaijan, household income, privatization,

Ruthenium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrohydroxyalkylation of Butadiene: The Role of the Formyl Hydrogen Bond in Stereochemical Control

The catalyst generated in situ from RuH$_2$(CO)(PPh$_3$)$_3$, ($S$)-SEGPHOS, and a chiral phosphoric acid promotes asymmetric hydrohydroxyalkylation of butadiene and affords enantioenriched $\alpha$-methyl homoallylic alcohols. The observed diastereo- and enantioselectivities are determined by both the chiral phosphine and chiral phosphate ligands. Density functional theory calculations (M06/SDD-6-311G(d,p)−IEFPCM(acetone)//B3LYP/SDD-6-31G(d)) predict that the product distribution is controlled by the kinetics of carbon−carbon bond formation, and this process occurs via a closed-chair Zimmerman−Traxler-type transition structure (TS). Chiral-phosphate-dependent stereoselectivity arising from this TS is enabled through a hydrogen bond between the phosphoryl oxygen and the aldehyde formyl proton present in TADDOL-derived catalysts. This interaction is absent in the corresponding BINOL-derived systems, and the opposite diastereo- and enantioselectivity is observed. Additional factors influencing the stereochemical control are determined.We are grateful to The English-Speaking Union (Lindemann Trust Fellowship), the National Institutes of Health-NIGMS (RO1-GM069445), and the National Science Foundation (CHE-1361104) for financial support. Computational resources were provided by the UCLA Institute for Digital Research and Education (IDRE) and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), which is supported by the National Science Foundation (OCI-1053575)

Zur Operation der Glutäalaneurysmen

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Evaluación del valor nutricional de una bebida a partir de harina precocida a base de malanga (colocasia esculenta), haba (vicia faba) y arroz (oryza sativa)

Realiza un análisis microbiológico de las diferentes proporciones de harinas precocidas (34:13:53), (48:17:35) y (32:12:56) para comprobar su inocuidad. Formula con la proporción de harina de mayor valor nutricional tres diferentes sabores de bebida: chocolate, fresa y natural. Evalúa el nivel de aceptabilidad de la bebida por sus características organolépticas, que son el sabor, olor y color, con el uso de una prueba hedónica facial mixta de 5 puntos

Total Synthesis and Structural Validation of Phosdiecin A via Asymmetric Alcohol-Mediated Carbonyl Reductive Coupling

The first total synthesis and structural validation of phosdiecin A was accomplished in 13 steps through asymmetric iridium-catalyzed alcohol-mediated carbonyl reductive coupling. The present route is the shortest among >30 total and formal syntheses of fostriecin family members.Fil: Della Felice, Franco. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasil. University of Texas at Austin; Estados UnidosFil: Sarotti, Ariel Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Química Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Krische, Michael J.. University of Texas at Austin; Estados UnidosFil: Pilli, Ronaldo A.. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasi

„Digitale Lerngemeinschaften“ im Praxissemester. Wahrnehmung eines Angebots zur Theorie-Praxis-Relationierung in der Lehrkräftebildung für das Fach Deutsch

Der Artikel stellt erste deutschdidaktische Befunde des Projekts DiLe („Digitale Lerngemeinschaften zur kohärenten Lernbegleitung im Jenaer Modell der Lehrerbildung“) vor. DiLe zielt darauf, die Kooperation zwischen Schule und Universität bei der Begleitung von Praxissemesterstudierenden zu verbessern. Schulische Mentor:innen im Praxissemester erhalten die Gelegenheit, mit Hilfe digitaler Fortbildungsbausteine ihr fachdidaktisches Wissen zu erweitern und im Dialog mit Praxissemesterstudieren-den auf Anforderungssituationen im Unterricht zu beziehen. Der Artikel untersucht, mit welchen Erwartungen die Teilnehmenden im Fach Deutsch in die Fortbildung starten, inwieweit sie diese erfüllt sehen und inwieweit sie deutschdidaktische Fortbildungsinhalte im digitalen Austausch aufgreifen. Als Daten dienen Kurzstatements der Teilnehmenden (prä/post), Mitschnitte von Videokonferenzen sowie nachträgliche Interviews, die allesamt inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet wurden. Die Diskussion der Befunde geht darauf ein, inwieweit digital gesteuerte Vermittlungs- und Verständigungsprozesse zwischen den Beteiligten einen Beitrag zur Überwindung der doppelten Distanz zwischen Universität und Schule leisten können.   Abstract (english): Digital learning communities during the teaching practicum. Perception of an approach to the connection between theory and practice in the training of teachers of the subject German The article presents first results of the project DiLe („Digital Learning Communities for Coherent Learning Support in the Model of Teacher Education in Jena“). The project aims to improve the cooperation between school and university in the supervision of students in the 5-month teaching practicum. School mentors in the teaching practicum are given the opportunity to expand their academic knowledge of teaching German language and literature with the help of digital training modules. So, they can relate academic knowledge to the requirements of the classroom in a dialog with students in the teaching practicum. The article explores the expectations of the par-ticipants in the subject German. It also asks to what extent they see these expectations fulfilled and to what extent they take up the presented academic knowledge in the digital exchange. Our data consists of short statements of the participants (pre/post), recordings of video conferences as well as interviews. The discussion of the results addresses the extent to which digitally controlled teaching and communica-tion processes between the participants can help to overcome the double distance between university and school

Bis(melaminium) tartrate dihydrate

In the title compound, 2C3H7N6 +·C4H4O6 2−·2H2O, in which the complete anion is generated by crystallographic twofold symmetry, there are O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen-bonding inter­actions between neighbouring moieties, forming layers parallel to the bc plane. In addition, π–π contacts [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6541 (9) Å] between the six-membered rings of the melamine cations are observed

Polarity Inversion of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes: Disubstituted δ-Lactones via Enantioselective Iridium Catalysis

The coupling of carbonyl electrophiles at the donor position of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes is described, representing an inversion of polarity with respect to conventional reactivity modes displayed by these reagents. Specifically, upon exposure of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes to alcohols in the presence of a cyclometallated iridium catalyst modified by (S)-BINAP, catalytic C-C coupling occurs to provide enantiomerically enriched products of carbonyl allylation. Identical products are obtained upon isopropanol mediated transfer hydrogenation of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes in the presence of aldehydes. The reaction products are directly transformed to cis-4,5-disubstituted δ-lactones

Stereoselective Metal-Free Reduction of Chiral Imines in Batch and Flow Mode: A Convenient Strategy for the Synthesis of Chiral Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

he convenient, metal-free reduction of imines that contain an inexpensive and removable chiral auxiliary allowed for the synthesis of the immediate precursors of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). This protocol was carried out under batch and flow conditions to give the correspoding prod- ucts in high yields with almost complete stereocontrol. In the presence of trichlorosilane, an inexpensive and nontoxic reduc- ing agent, and an achiral Lewis base such as N,N-dimethyl- Introduction The pharmaceutical industry is gradually progressing towards enantiopure formulations. Most newly introduced drugs are chiral, and it is expected that approximately 95 % of pharma- ceutical drugs will be chiral by 2020. [1] In this context, chiral amines are considered a class of paramount importance, be- cause they are found in a plethora of compounds such as those of pharmaceutical interest as well as those developed for agro- chemicals, fragrances, and fine chemicals. [2] The reduction of the C=N group is one of the most widely used approaches to synthesize chiral amines, and over the last ten years, successful catalytic enantioselective methods based on both metal-pro- moted [3] and organocatalyzed [4] strategies have been devel- oped. When an industrial synthesis of a chiral pharmaceutical prod- uct must be planned, however, issues such as the chemical effi- ciency and robustness of the procedure, its general applicabil- ity, and economic considerations become crucially important. For these reasons, the applications of many chiral catalytic sys- tems are often not feasible, and the use of inexpensive and readily available chiral auxiliaries becomes an attractive and economic alternative. This also holds true for the synthesis of [a] Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy E-mail: [email protected] http://users2.unimi.it/Benagliagroup [b] Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari ISTM-CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy [c] Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Center of Évora, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000 Évora, Portugal Supporting information and ORCID(s) from the author(s) for this article are available on the WWW under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201601268. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2017, 39–44 © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim39 formamide, the formal syntheses of Rivastgmine, calcimimetic NPS R-568, and a Rho kinases inhibitor were successfully accom- plished. For the first time, both the diastereoselective imine re- duction and the auxiliary removal were efficiently performed in a micro- or mesoreactor under continuous-flow conditions, which paved the way towards the development of a practical process for the syntheses of industrially relevant, biologically active, enantiopure N-alkylamine