Birefringence induced by antiferroelectric switching in transparent polycrystalline PbZr0.95Ti0.05O3PbZr_{0.95}Ti_{0.05}O_{3} film

The most characteristic functional property of antiferroelectric materials is the possibility to induce a phase transition from a non-polar to a polar phase by an electric field. Here, we investigate the effect of this field-induced phase transition on the birefringence change of $PbZr_{0.95}Ti_{0.05}O_{3}$. We use a transparent polycrystalline $PbZr_{0.95}Ti_{0.05}O_{3}$ film grown on $PbTiO_{3}/HfO_{2}/SiO_{2}$ with interdigitated electrodes to directly investigate changes in birefringence in a simple transmission geometry. In spite of the polycrystalline nature of the film and its moderate thickness, the field-induced transition produces a sizeable effect observable under a polarized microscope. The film in its polar phase is found to behave like a homogeneous birefringent medium. The time evolution of this field-induced birefringence provides information about irreversibilities in the antiferroelectric switching process and its slow dynamics. The change in birefringence has two main contributions, one that responds briskly (~ 0.5 s), and a slower one that rises and saturates over a period of as long as 30 minutes. Possible origins for this long saturation and relaxation times are discussed.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure

of the Moravian Karst Protected Landscape Area

Abstract Host traits and phylogeny can determine infection risk by driving pathogen transmission and its ability to infect new hosts. Predicting such risks is critical when designing disease mitigation strategies, and especially as regards wildlife, where intensive management is often advocated or prevented by economic and/or practical reasons. We investigated Pseudogymnoascus [Geomyces] destructans infection, the cause of white-nose syndrome (WNS), in relation to chiropteran ecology, behaviour and phylogenetics. While this fungus has caused devastating declines in North American bat populations, there have been no apparent population changes attributable to the disease in Europe. We screened 276 bats of 15 species from hibernacula in the Czech Republic over 2012 and 2013, and provided histopathological evidence for 11 European species positive for WNS. With the exception of Myotis myotis, the other ten species are all new reports for WNS in Europe. Of these, M. emarginatus, Eptesicus nilssonii, Rhinolophus hipposideros, Barbastella barbastellus and Plecotus auritus are new to the list of P. destructans-infected bat species. While the infected species are all statistically phylogenetically related, WNS affects bats from two suborders. These are ecologically diverse and adopt a wide range of hibernating strategies. Occurrence of WNS in distantly related bat species with diverse ecology suggests that the pathogen may be a generalist and that all bats hibernating within the distribution range of P. destructans may be at risk of infection

Roadmap on energy harvesting materials

Ambient energy harvesting has great potential to contribute to sustainable development and address growing environmental challenges. Converting waste energy from energy-intensive processes and systems (e.g. combustion engines and furnaces) is crucial to reducing their environmental impact and achieving net-zero emissions. Compact energy harvesters will also be key to powering the exponentially growing smart devices ecosystem that is part of the Internet of Things, thus enabling futuristic applications that can improve our quality of life (e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart manufacturing, and smart healthcare). To achieve these goals, innovative materials are needed to efficiently convert ambient energy into electricity through various physical mechanisms, such as the photovoltaic effect, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and radiofrequency wireless power transfer. By bringing together the perspectives of experts in various types of energy harvesting materials, this Roadmap provides extensive insights into recent advances and present challenges in the field. Additionally, the Roadmap analyses the key performance metrics of these technologies in relation to their ultimate energy conversion limits. Building on these insights, the Roadmap outlines promising directions for future research to fully harness the potential of energy harvesting materials for green energy anytime, anywhere

Etude des corrélations entre la microstructure et les propriétés piézoélectriques des films minces Pb(ZrTi)O3

MEMS have been developed since 1980, when they appeared as derivatives from the microelectronic industry. They were first used in accelerometers and car airbags. They have diversified since then and expanded. One of the main contributors to this expansion are piezoelectric materials. Among them, PbZrTiO3 (PZT) is widely used for its outstanding piezoelectric performances. Sol-gel PZT thin films fabricated at CEA are worldwide state of the art. In order to stay competitive, several R&D strategies have been developed. One of them is a detailed study of PZT microstructure in order to draw correlations with the piezoelectric effect in PZT films. The goal of this study is to optimize PZT microstructure aiming to reach its best piezoelectric properties. For this purpose, this thesis takes advantage of numerous studies performed on PZT bulk ceramics in order to analyze PZT thin films microstructure and its modifications with voltage. PZT bulk ceramics of morphotropic composition are now well known from the piezoelectric and microstructural point of view. There are several theories explaining the piezoelectric effect at the microscopic level, namely tetragonal and rhombohedral domain switching, rhombohedral nanodomains rearrangement, polarization axis rotation in the monoclinic phase and the phase transition.Morphotropic PZT thin films have emerged more recently. Their microstructure is very different from the bulk PZT. Indeed, sol-gel PZT films studied in this manuscript are stressed and contain preferred oriented nanoscale crystals and Ti/Zr composition gradient through the film thickness. Our goal is to study links between the complex microstructure of these films and their piezoelectric properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD).Thanks to the nano-beam at ESRF, we were able to study the influence of the Zr/Ti chemical gradient on the PZT microstructure. Our observations showed that the composition gradient gives rise to a variation of the tetragonal and rhombohedral phase ratio in the layer thickness. This variation follows Zr/Ti composition oscillations evidenced by SIMS. This experiment shows the sensitivity of PZT microstructure to the PZT chemical composition. At the same time, it suggests the possibility of improving the composition homogeneity of PZT and its performances. The more the PZT composition is homogeneous, the better the piezoelectric coefficients are.Then, we performed in-situ XRD under electric field experiments on a capacitor containing the PZT active layer with an attenuated Zr/Ti gradient. The PZT diffraction pattern was refined using the tetragonal and the rhombohedral PZT phases. At 0V PZT contains 40% of rhombohedral phase and 60% of tetragonal phase. At 30V, no tetragonal phase is observed any more. Results show an electric field induced phase transition from the tetragonal to the rhombohedral phase.Finally, we used in-situ XRD to study the influence of Zr/Ti composition gradient on the amplitude of the phase transition of two PZT samples with different Zr/Ti gradient. We showed that the more the sample is homogeneous in composition, the more phase transition it exhibits and the more it is performant.Finally, to improve the piezoelectric performances of PZT films, we propose to improve PZT compositional homogeneity and slightly increase the Ti content to promote the tetragonal phase in order to amplify the phase transition under voltage.Les microsystèmes électromécaniques (MEMS) ont été développés dès le début des années 1980 en s'appuyant sur la technologie de l'industrie microélectronique. Ils ont d'abord été utilisés dans les accéléromètres et les airbags des automobiles. Depuis lors ils se diversifient et connaissent un important essor, notamment grâce à la rapidité De la réponse des matériaux piézoélectriques. La technologie des couches minces piézoélectriques a permis la miniaturisation et les déformations sous tensions d'actionnement plus faibles. Parmi les matériaux piézoélectriques, les films minces de PbZrTiO3 (PZT) morphotropique sont fréquemment utilisés pour leurs propriétés électromécaniques remarquables. Le PZT fabriqué par la voie sol-gel au CEA Leti est à l'état de l'art mondial. Dans le souci de continuer à être compétitif, plusieurs stratégies de R&D sont envisagées, notamment des études approfondies de la microstructure des films PZT pour l'optimiser, afin d'atteindre les propriétés ultimes du PZT. Dans ce but, cette thèse recherche les corrélations entre la microstructure et l'effet piézoélectrique du PZT. Le PZT morphotropique massif, apparu dans les années 1950, est un matériau bien étudié du point de vue microstructurale et piézoélectrique. Il existe plusieurs théories expliquant ses performances piézoélectriques au niveau microscopique. Pour citer les plus connues, le basculement de domaine des phases tétragonale et rhomboédrique, le réarrangement des nano-domaines rhomboédriques, la rotation de l'axe de polarisation dans la phase monoclinique et la transition de phase. Les films minces de PZT morphotropique sont apparus dans les années 1990. Leur microstructure diffère radicalement du PZT massif. Le PZT sol-gel étudié dans ce manuscrit, est contraint et possède une orientation préférentielle des cristaux, des domaines nanométriques et un gradient chimique de Zr et Ti dans l'épaisseur. Notre but est d'étudier les liens entre la microstructure complexe de ces films et leurs propriétés piézoélectriques en utilisant la caractérisation par diffraction des rayons X (DRX). Grace à l'accès au nano-faisceau à l'ESRF, nous avons pu étudier l'influence du gradient chimique de Zr/Ti sur la microstructure de PZT. Les résultats ont montré que la variation de concentration de Zr et Ti engendre une variation du rapport des phases tétragonale et rhomboédrique dans l'épaisseur de la couche. Cette variation suit les oscillations de Zr/Ti dans les films observées par SIMS. Cette observation montre la sensibilité de la microstructure sur la composition chimique. De même, il en résulte la possibilité d'améliorer l'homogénéité de composition du PZT et de ses performances. Car plus le PZT est homogène en composition, meilleurs sont ses coefficients piézoélectriques (d33, e31). Par la suite nous avons effectués des expériences in-situ sous champ électrique sur des capacités contenant le PZT avec le gradient de composition atténué. La microstructure de PZT a été affinée en utilisant la phase tétragonale et rhomboédrique. A 0V, on estime que le PZT contient 40% de phase rhomboédrique et 60% de phase tétragonale. A 30V, on n'observe plus que la présence de la phase rhomboédrique. Les résultats montrent une diminution de la proportion de phase tétragonale au profit de la phase rhomboédrique sous champ électrique. Pour finir nous avons étudié l'influence du gradient de concentration sur l'amplitude du changement de phase en analysant deux échantillons de gradient Zr/Ti différents par DRX in-situ. Nous avons pu montrer que plus l'échantillon est homogène chimiquement, plus il est sujet à la transition de phase sous champ électrique et plus il est performant piézoélectriquement. Finalement, afin d'améliorer les performances piézoélectriques des films PZT, nous proposons de fabriquer des films plus homogènes et plus riches en Ti pour amplifier la transition de phase dans les films

Study of correlations between microstructure and piezoelectric properties of PZT thin films

Les microsystèmes électromécaniques (MEMS) ont été développés dès le début des années 1980 en s'appuyant sur la technologie de l'industrie microélectronique. Ils ont d'abord été utilisés dans les accéléromètres et les airbags des automobiles. Depuis lors ils se diversifient et connaissent un important essor, notamment grâce à la rapidité De la réponse des matériaux piézoélectriques. La technologie des couches minces piézoélectriques a permis la miniaturisation et les déformations sous tensions d'actionnement plus faibles. Parmi les matériaux piézoélectriques, les films minces de PbZrTiO3 (PZT) morphotropique sont fréquemment utilisés pour leurs propriétés électromécaniques remarquables. Le PZT fabriqué par la voie sol-gel au CEA Leti est à l'état de l'art mondial. Dans le souci de continuer à être compétitif, plusieurs stratégies de R&D sont envisagées, notamment des études approfondies de la microstructure des films PZT pour l'optimiser, afin d'atteindre les propriétés ultimes du PZT. Dans ce but, cette thèse recherche les corrélations entre la microstructure et l'effet piézoélectrique du PZT. Le PZT morphotropique massif, apparu dans les années 1950, est un matériau bien étudié du point de vue microstructurale et piézoélectrique. Il existe plusieurs théories expliquant ses performances piézoélectriques au niveau microscopique. Pour citer les plus connues, le basculement de domaine des phases tétragonale et rhomboédrique, le réarrangement des nano-domaines rhomboédriques, la rotation de l'axe de polarisation dans la phase monoclinique et la transition de phase. Les films minces de PZT morphotropique sont apparus dans les années 1990. Leur microstructure diffère radicalement du PZT massif. Le PZT sol-gel étudié dans ce manuscrit, est contraint et possède une orientation préférentielle des cristaux, des domaines nanométriques et un gradient chimique de Zr et Ti dans l'épaisseur. Notre but est d'étudier les liens entre la microstructure complexe de ces films et leurs propriétés piézoélectriques en utilisant la caractérisation par diffraction des rayons X (DRX). Grace à l'accès au nano-faisceau à l'ESRF, nous avons pu étudier l'influence du gradient chimique de Zr/Ti sur la microstructure de PZT. Les résultats ont montré que la variation de concentration de Zr et Ti engendre une variation du rapport des phases tétragonale et rhomboédrique dans l'épaisseur de la couche. Cette variation suit les oscillations de Zr/Ti dans les films observées par SIMS. Cette observation montre la sensibilité de la microstructure sur la composition chimique. De même, il en résulte la possibilité d'améliorer l'homogénéité de composition du PZT et de ses performances. Car plus le PZT est homogène en composition, meilleurs sont ses coefficients piézoélectriques (d33, e31). Par la suite nous avons effectués des expériences in-situ sous champ électrique sur des capacités contenant le PZT avec le gradient de composition atténué. La microstructure de PZT a été affinée en utilisant la phase tétragonale et rhomboédrique. A 0V, on estime que le PZT contient 40% de phase rhomboédrique et 60% de phase tétragonale. A 30V, on n'observe plus que la présence de la phase rhomboédrique. Les résultats montrent une diminution de la proportion de phase tétragonale au profit de la phase rhomboédrique sous champ électrique. Pour finir nous avons étudié l'influence du gradient de concentration sur l'amplitude du changement de phase en analysant deux échantillons de gradient Zr/Ti différents par DRX in-situ. Nous avons pu montrer que plus l'échantillon est homogène chimiquement, plus il est sujet à la transition de phase sous champ électrique et plus il est performant piézoélectriquement. Finalement, afin d'améliorer les performances piézoélectriques des films PZT, nous proposons de fabriquer des films plus homogènes et plus riches en Ti pour amplifier la transition de phase dans les films.MEMS have been developed since 1980, when they appeared as derivatives from the microelectronic industry. They were first used in accelerometers and car airbags. They have diversified since then and expanded. One of the main contributors to this expansion are piezoelectric materials. Among them, PbZrTiO3 (PZT) is widely used for its outstanding piezoelectric performances. Sol-gel PZT thin films fabricated at CEA are worldwide state of the art. In order to stay competitive, several R&D strategies have been developed. One of them is a detailed study of PZT microstructure in order to draw correlations with the piezoelectric effect in PZT films. The goal of this study is to optimize PZT microstructure aiming to reach its best piezoelectric properties. For this purpose, this thesis takes advantage of numerous studies performed on PZT bulk ceramics in order to analyze PZT thin films microstructure and its modifications with voltage. PZT bulk ceramics of morphotropic composition are now well known from the piezoelectric and microstructural point of view. There are several theories explaining the piezoelectric effect at the microscopic level, namely tetragonal and rhombohedral domain switching, rhombohedral nanodomains rearrangement, polarization axis rotation in the monoclinic phase and the phase transition.Morphotropic PZT thin films have emerged more recently. Their microstructure is very different from the bulk PZT. Indeed, sol-gel PZT films studied in this manuscript are stressed and contain preferred oriented nanoscale crystals and Ti/Zr composition gradient through the film thickness. Our goal is to study links between the complex microstructure of these films and their piezoelectric properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD).Thanks to the nano-beam at ESRF, we were able to study the influence of the Zr/Ti chemical gradient on the PZT microstructure. Our observations showed that the composition gradient gives rise to a variation of the tetragonal and rhombohedral phase ratio in the layer thickness. This variation follows Zr/Ti composition oscillations evidenced by SIMS. This experiment shows the sensitivity of PZT microstructure to the PZT chemical composition. At the same time, it suggests the possibility of improving the composition homogeneity of PZT and its performances. The more the PZT composition is homogeneous, the better the piezoelectric coefficients are.Then, we performed in-situ XRD under electric field experiments on a capacitor containing the PZT active layer with an attenuated Zr/Ti gradient. The PZT diffraction pattern was refined using the tetragonal and the rhombohedral PZT phases. At 0V PZT contains 40% of rhombohedral phase and 60% of tetragonal phase. At 30V, no tetragonal phase is observed any more. Results show an electric field induced phase transition from the tetragonal to the rhombohedral phase.Finally, we used in-situ XRD to study the influence of Zr/Ti composition gradient on the amplitude of the phase transition of two PZT samples with different Zr/Ti gradient. We showed that the more the sample is homogeneous in composition, the more phase transition it exhibits and the more it is performant.Finally, to improve the piezoelectric performances of PZT films, we propose to improve PZT compositional homogeneity and slightly increase the Ti content to promote the tetragonal phase in order to amplify the phase transition under voltage

High Electrocaloric Effect in Lead Scandium Tantalate Thin Films with Interdigitated Electrodes

Lead scandium tantalate, Pb(Sc,Ta)O3, is an excellent electrocaloric material showing large temperature variations, good efficiency, and a broad operating temperature window. In form of multilayer ceramic capacitors integrated into a cooling device, the device can generate a temperature difference larger than 13 K. Here, we investigate Pb(Sc,Ta)O3 in form of thin films prepared using the sol–gel chemical solution deposition method. We report the detailed fabrication process of high-quality films on various substrates such as c-sapphire and fused silica. The main originality of this research is the use of interdigitated top electrodes, enabling the application of very large electric fields in PST. We provide structural and electrical characterisation, as well as electrocaloric temperature variation, using the Maxwell relation approach. Films do not show a B-site ordering. The temperature variation from 7.2 to 15.7 K was measured on the Pb(Sc,Ta)O3 film on a c-sapphire substrate under the electric field of 1330 kV/cm between 14.5 °C and 50 °C. This temperature variation is the highest reported so far in Pb(Sc,Ta)O3 thin films. Moreover, stress seems to have an effect on the maximum permittivity temperature and thus electrocaloric temperature variation with temperature in Pb(Sc,Ta)O3 films. Tensile stress induced by fused silica shifts the “transition” of Pb(Sc,Ta)O3 to lower temperatures. This study shows the possibility for electrocaloric temperature variation tuning with stress conditions

Roles of Gut Microbiome in Bone Homeostasis and Its Relationship with Bone-Related Diseases

The extended microbial genome—the gut microbiome (GM)—plays a significant role in host health and disease. It is able to influence a number of physiological functions. During dysbiosis, GM is associated with the development of various chronic diseases with impaired bone quality. In general, GM is important for bone homeostasis and can affect it via several mechanisms. This review describes the roles of GM in bone homeostasis through influencing the immune and endocrine functions, short-chain fatty acids production, calcium absorption and the gut–brain axis. The relationship between GM composition and several bone-related diseases, specifically osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, obesity and bone cancer, is also highlighted and summarized. GM manipulation may become a future adjuvant therapy in the prevention of many chronic diseases. Therefore, the beneficial effects of probiotic therapy to improve the health status of individuals with aforementioned diseases are provided, but further studies are needed to clearly confirm its effectiveness. Recent evidence suggests that GM is responsible for direct and indirect effects on drug efficacy. Accordingly, various GM alterations and interactions related to the treatment of bone-related diseases are mentioned as well

The impact of cadmium exposure on cell parameters, expression of specific genes and mineralization in cultivated human osteoblasts

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant which negatively affects bone health. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Cd exposure on cell parameters, expression of specific genes and mineralization in cultivated human osteoblasts. Osteoblasts were incubated without (control group) or with CdCl2 at final Cd concentrations of 0.1, 2, 5, 10, and 50 μM for 2, 4, 6 or 14 days. Cell viability, morphological changes, alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and an expression of 10 genes associated with osteoblast-specific pathways, oxidative stress and cell death were determined. Osteoblast viability decreased at the highest Cd concentrations (5, 10 and 50 μM) after 4 days of treatment. Our findings specified the threshold of Cd exposure with morphological alterations to 5 μM Cd following 4 days of cultivation. Morphometric measurements revealed significantly decreased size of Cd-treated osteoblasts when compared to the control. The alkaline phosphatase activity was dose-dependent with a reduction at 5 μM Cd after 2 days. Cd concentration of 5 μM significantly down-regulated the expression of COL1A1, ALPL, BGLAP, and GPX1 genes. On the contrary, BAX and SOD1 genes were over-expressed at 0.1, 2, 5 μM Cd and TNFSF11 gene transcripts showed an increase at 0.1-2 μM Cd. No significant impact of Cd exposure on transcription levels of WNT5A, RUNX2, and CASP1 genes was detected. Cd at 0.1 μM stimulated the mineralization, while the dose of 1 μM Cd had no effect. In conclusion, Cd exposure had adverse impact on human osteoblasts viability, morphology and function. On molecular level, it was associated with bone matrix protein synthesis, bone remodelling, cell death, and response to oxidative stress. The lowest dose of Cd had the stimulatory effect on bone mineralization

Adverse changes in cortical and trabecular bone compartments of the femur in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis after one remodelling cycle

It is widely known that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with articular bone damage. However, there is still not enough information on whether the inflammatory process can deteriorate bone microstructure outside the joint as well. Furthermore, the impact of RA on the microscopic structure of cortical and trabecular bone, including parameters of bone microarchitecture, strength, and geometry after one remodelling cycle, has not been determined, yet. Therefore, this study investigated possible alterations in both cortical and trabecular bone compartments of the femur in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) 28 days post disease induction. AA was generally evoked by a single intradermal injection ofsuspension of heat-inactivated Mycobacterium butyricumin incomplete Freund’s adjuvant. We have found that AA resulted in inflammation as evidenced by increased hind paw swelling, decreased levels of circulating albumin, and elevated levels of nitrite/nitrate, interleukin-1β. Detrimental changes in examined bone parameters related to microarchitecture, strength, and geometry were revealed in AA rats. Overall, AA was associated with bone loss, decreased bone mineral density in bothcortical and trabecular bone compartments, as well as reduced mechanical competence, and more intense vascularization in the cortical bone. According to our results, AA-related inflammation caused structural degradation of cortical and trabecular bone quality, as well as mechanical weakness in the femoral diaphysis leading to bone fragility after only one remodelling cycle. The findings focused on the femoral diaphysis, which is located outside the joint, are the first in this field of research

Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Affect Osteoporosis-Related Traits and Response to Antiresorptive Therapy

The present study analyzed the effect of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms (ApaI, TaqI, BsmI, FokI, and Cdx2) on bone mineral density (BMD), biochemical parameters and bone turnover markers, fracture prevalence, and response to three types of antiresorptive therapy (estrogen-progesterone, raloxifene, and ibandronate) in 356 postmenopausal women from Slovakia. Association analysis revealed a significant effect of BsmI polymorphism on lumbar spine BMD, serum osteocalcin (OC), and β-CrossLaps levels. While ApaI and Cdx2 polymorphisms were associated with OC and alkaline phosphatase, TaqI polymorphism affected all turnover markers. ApaI, TaqI, and BsmI genotypes increased the risk of spinal, radial, or total fractures with odds ratios ranging from 2.03 to 3.17. Each of therapy types evaluated had a beneficial effect on all osteoporosis-related traits; however, the VDR gene affected only ibandronate and raloxifene treatment. ApaI/aa, TaqI/TT, and BsmI/bb genotypes showed a weaker or no response to ibandronate therapy in femoral and spinal BMD. The impact of aforementioned polymorphisms on turnover markers was also genotype dependent. On the contrary, only TaqI and BsmI polymorphisms influenced raloxifene therapy, even only in lumbar spine BMD. These results point to the potential of using the VDR gene in personalized pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis