Water in evolved lunar rocks: Evidence for multiple reservoirs

We have measured the abundance and isotopic composition of water in apatites from several lunar rocks representing Potassium (K), Rare Earth Elements (REE), and Phosphorus (P) − KREEP − rich lithologies, including felsites, quartz monzodiorites (QMDs), a troctolite, and an alkali anorthosite. The H-isotope data from apatite provide evidence for multiple reservoirs in the lunar interior. Apatite measurements from some KREEP-rich intrusive rocks display moderately elevated δD signatures, while other samples show δD signatures similar to the range known for the terrestrial upper mantle. Apatite grains in Apollo 15 quartz monzodiorites have the lowest δD values measured from the Moon so far (as low as −749‰), and could potentially represent a D-depleted reservoir in the lunar interior that had not been identified until now. Apatite in all of these intrusive rocks contains 6500 ppm H2O). Complexities in partitioning of volatiles into apatite make this comparison uncertain, but measurements of residual glass in KREEP basalt fragments in breccia 15358 independently show that the KREEP basaltic magmas were low in water. The source of 15358 contained ∼10 ppm H2O, about an order of magnitude lower than the source of the Apollo 17 pyroclastic glass beads, suggesting potential variations in the distribution of water in the lunar interior

Hydride Reduction of NAD(P)⁺ Model Compounds with a Ru(II)–Hydrido Complex

In order to better understand the regioselective hydride transfer of metal hydrido complexes to NAD­(P)⁺ model compounds, reactions of [Ru­(tpy)­(bpy)­H]⁺ (<b>Ru-H</b>: tpy = 2,2′:6″,2″-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) with various substituent NAD­(P)⁺ model compounds were investigated in detail. All of the NAD­(P)⁺ model compounds accepted hydride from <b>Ru-H</b>, yielding 1:1 adducts, where the dihydro form(s) of the model compounds coordinated with the carbamoyl group to the Ru­(II) center of [Ru­(tpy)­(bpy)]²⁺, with very different reaction rates. Some reactions produced the adduct with only the 1,4-dihydro structure, whereas others produced a mixture of two adducts, with a 1,4- or 1,2-dihydro structure. In particular, temperature-dependent adduct formation kinetics studies provided important information on the transition state(s) of the hydride transfer reactions and factors for determining the regioselectivity. Most adducts were cleaved to the corresponding free dihydro product(s) with the same distribution of the regioisomers to the adduct(s)

Preliminary Report of the KT 86-10 Cruise for the Milura and Hachijo Basin

The Mikura Basin and Hachijo Basin lie just beyond the volcanic front of the Izu-Ogasawara arc-trench system and the existence of submarine hydrothermal activity is expected. This area was surveyed during the cruise of KT 86-10 by the R/V Tansei-Maru, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo from the 12th to the 21st of July, 1986. A small topographic high west of the Inanbajima which occupies the central part of the basin was found by a 12 kHz echo sounder as well as a seismic profiler. The small topographic high consists mostly of the boulder of volcanic rocks which were recognized later as two pyroxene andesites by the submersible "Shinkai 2000" of JAMSTEC. The other parts of the basins are covered by thick volcanogenic and biogenic materials having bioturbation structures on the surface by the bottom dwelling organisms. The geologic developments of the basins viewed from the present observations are as follows: Basement of the region was cut by the normal faults relating to the initiation of rifting the northern Izu-Ogasawara backarc area and followed to subside. Thick volcanic materials covered the basement. Compressional stress field after the end of the rifting may take place to form folding and fissure eruption of andesitic lava to make small knoll. CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) measurements across the knoll were carried out and temperature anomalies were found near the knoll. The temperature and salinity relationship observed along the knoll gives negative possibility to support the existence of presentday hydrothermal activity. Multichannel seismic profiler data show the existence of a low velocity part, which may possibly be a magma chamber, about 1.5 km beneath the Mikura Basin. All the other data support the existence of hydrothermal activity in the basins. However, it will be necessary to have more elaborate surveys of this area in future studies.御蔵海盆と八丈海盆は伊豆.小笠原島弧-海溝系の火山フロントのすぐ背後に位置している.これらの海盆には海底熱水活動の存在が期待されている.東京大学海洋研究所の淡青丸によるKT86-10次航海が1986年7月12日から21日の間行われ,この地域の地質学,地球物理学,及び地球化学的な調査がなされた.御蔵海盆の中央にある藺灘波島の西部からPDRと音波探査によって小さな地形的高まりが発見された.この高まりは北北西-南南東の伸長方向を持ちその幅数100メートル,高さ数10メートルで2マイル程度連続する.これは,火山岩の巨礫の積み重なった小丘で,その深部には断層が発達している.この火山岩の大部分は両輝石安山岩であることが後の「しんかい2000」の潜水調査で確かめられた.周辺の海盆底は厚い火山源及び生物源物質によって埋立てられており,堆積物が底生生物によって著しく乱されている.これらの海盆の発達史は音波探査の記録から以下の通りまとめられる.まず伊豆・小笠原背弧のリフティングに関連した正断層群によって,この地域の基盤が切られ沈降した.ひきつづきこの基盤を厚い火山物質が覆った.次に,北北西-南南東方向のσhmaxに平行な安山岩質溶岩の広域割れ目噴火を起こし,活断層と伴に小丘が形成され,この小丘を横切ってCTDの観測が行われ小丘の近くで0.05℃程の温度異常が見つかった.小丘に沿って観測された温度と塩分濃度の関係は現在の熱水活動の存在に否定的である.しかし,マルチチャソネル音波探査の結果は御蔵海盆の深さ約1.5kmのところにマグマ溜りの存在を示している.島弧を横切る方向の地殻熱流量の値の分布が火山フロントで高く,背にでもやや高いこと,断層による陥没及び活断層の存在,深海カメラや潜水艇で熱水性堆積物らしいものが撮影されていること,潜水艇のマニピュレータで得られた安山岩にFe-Mnに富む堆積物が付着していたことなどは海盆に熱水活動の存在することを支持しているが,この海域のもっと丹精なる調査が将来必要である

The Impact of Gleason Grade 3 as a Predictive Factor for Biochemical Recurrence after Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study in Japan (The MSUG94 Group)

Background and Objectives: This study’s objective was to examine patients treated with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) for intermediate-risk prostate cancer (IR-PCa), and to identify preoperative risk factors for biochemical recurrence (BCR) in these patients in Japan. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study of patients with PCa who underwent RARP at 10 institutions in Japan. A total of 3195 patients were enrolled in this study. We focused on patients with IR-PCa who underwent RARP. We obtained data on pre- and postoperative covariates from the enrolled patients. Biochemical recurrence-free survival was the primary endpoint of this study. We also identified useful preoperative predictive factors for BCR in patients with IR-PCa after RARP. Results: A total of 1144 patients with IR-PCa were enrolled in this study. The median follow-up period was 23.7 months. At the end of the follow-up period, 94 (8.2%) patients developed BCR. The 2 and 3 year biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) rates were 92.2% and 90.2%, respectively. Using the Kaplan–Meier method, Gleason grade (GG) 3 was significantly associated with poor BRFS compared with ≤GG 2. In multivariate analysis, GG 3 was a significant predictive factor for BCR in patients with IR-PCa. Conclusions: The results of the study indicated a significant relationship between GG 3 and post-RARP BCR in patients with IR-PCa

Pelvic Lymphadenectomy May Not Improve Biochemical Recurrence-Free Survival in Patients with Prostate Cancer Treated with Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy in Japan (The MSUG94 Group)

In this multicenter retrospective cohort study, we aimed to evaluate whether pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) improved biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in Japan. A multicenter retrospective cohort study of 3195 PCa patients undergoing RARP at nine institutions in Japan was conducted. Enrolled patients were divided into two groups: those who underwent RARP without PLND (non-PLND group) and those who underwent PLND (PLND group). The primary endpoint was biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) in PCa patients who underwent PLND. We developed a propensity score analysis to reduce the effects of selection bias and potential confounding factors. Propensity score matching resulted in 1210 patients being enrolled in the study. The 2-year BRFS rate was 95.0% for all patients, 95.8% for the non-PLND group, and 94.3% for the PLND group (p = 0.855). For the all-risk group according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk stratification, there were no significant differences between patients who did and did not undergo PLND. Based on the results of the log-rank study, PLND may be unnecessary for patients with PCa undergoing RARP

A Nomogram for Predicting Prostate Cancer with Lymph Node Involvement in Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy Era: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study in Japan (The MSUG94 Group)

Background: To create a nomogram for predicting prostate cancer (PCa) with lymph node involvement (LNI) in the robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) era. Methods: A retrospective multicenter cohort study was conducted on 3195 patients with PCa who underwent RARP at nine institutions in Japan between September 2012 and August 2021. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors strongly associated with LNI. The Bootstrap-area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the internal validity of the prediction model. Results: A total of 1855 patients were enrolled in this study. Overall, 93 patients (5.0%) had LNI. On multivariable analyses, initial prostate-specific antigen, number of cancer-positive and-negative biopsy cores, biopsy Gleason grade, and clinical T stage were independent predictors of PCa with LNI. The nomogram predicting PCa with LNI has been demonstrated (AUC 84%). Using a nomogram cut-off of 6%, 492 of 1855 patients (26.5%) would avoid unnecessary pelvic lymph node dissection, and PCa with LNI would be missed in two patients (0.1%). The sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values associated with a cutoff of 6% were 74%, 80%, and 99.6%, respectively. Conclusions: We developed a clinically applicable nomogram for predicting the probability of patients with PCa with LNI