A review of youth violence theories: developing interventions to promote sustainable peace in Ilorin, Nigeria

Ilorin is located in North Central Nigeria with an estimated population above two million people. For some time now, Ilorin has been regarded as the most “peaceful” State Capital in the North Central geo-political zone; due to rare outburst of violence and criminality. However, in the recent past, the peaceful atmosphere of the State Capital has been under serious threat owing to frequent outburst of youth violence, particularly in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods (SDNs). Consequently, youth violence has attracted the attention of policy makers and stakeholders in the State Capital, thereby occupying an important space in local discourses. In this paper, we undertake a review of theories of violence to understand the etiology of youth violence in Ilorin in particular and Nigeria as a whole, and assess the implications of these theories for developing strategies and policy frameworks for promoting long-lasting, sustainable peace.Keywords: Youth violence; Relative deprivation; Social disorganisation; Broken window; Ilori

Baclofen overdose treated with continuous venovenous hemofiltration

Purpose: Overdose with baclofen, a derivative of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, may lead to severe respiratory and central nervous system depression and can be life-threatening. Prolonged half-lives of baclofen, of up to 34 h, have been reported in patients after overdose. Hemodialysis has proven to be a successful approach to improve clearance of baclofen, but the value of continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) is unclear. We applied CVVH in a patient with acute baclofen overdose. Methods: Pharmacokinetic measurements of baclofen in serum and hemofiltrate were made at six time points after hospital admission. Baclofen concentration-time data were analyzed using non-compartmental methods, and the relative contribution of clearance by hemofiltration to total baclofen clearance was calculated. Results: Baclofen concentrations in serum varied between 1.81 and 0.05 mg/L. Concentrations of baclofen in hemofiltrate were within the same range (between 0.74 and 0.05 mg/L), and the elimination half-life during hemofiltration was estimated at 4.8 h. Total clearance and clearance via hemofiltration were estimated at 6.6 and 2.4 L/h, indicating that clearance could be increased by approximately 57 % by applying hemofiltration. Conclusions: The presented case demonstrates the usefulness of CVVH in the treatment of baclofen overdose and indicates that CVVH can be used as an alternative to hemodialysis in patients with overdose of baclofen