SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF ESTIMATED FETAL WEIGHT BY DIFFERENT METHOD AT TERM AND POST TERM

Objective: To determine fetal weight estimation by different method on ultrasound at term & to determine actual baby weight after birth Methodology: The research is conducted in Meer Children and Family Clinic Tajpura Lahore. 121 women participate in this study over a 4 month period from January 2021 to April 2021. Systematic random sampling was used to make the selection. The scanner has Hadlock, Shepard, shibozuka and warsof formula.  Results: Out of 70 pregnant women in which 36 (51.5%) nulliparous women and 34(48.5%) multiparous women. A total of 45(64.3%) by vaginal delivery while 25(35.7%) deliver by C – Section. The minimum maternal age for nulliparous women is 21 years and maximum maternal age for multiparous is 39 years. The minimum Actual birth weight i.e. 2.40 correlate with estimated fetal weight. The maximum Actual birth weight i.e. 4.00 correlate with estimated fetal weight. The mean Actual birth weight   is significantly increase with increase in both parity and maternal age at delivery Conclusion: For most pregnant women, estimated fetal weight based on multiple fetal parameters provides reliable and clinically useful information. Despite the fact that there is still an acceptable difference between the actual birth weight and the sonographically EFW. Keywords: Fetal Macrosomia, Term Pregnancy, Hadlocks Formula , Actual birth weight DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/91-11 Publication date:July 31st 202

Stress Factors among Dental Postgraduate Residents of Lahore, Pakistan

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify the stress factors among dental postgraduate residents of Lahore, Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted using non-probability convenient sampling techniques. Total 150 dental postgraduate residents were enrolled in this study. Questionnaire was composed of questions regarding stress factors and the influence of stressors on individuals. The data was analyzed; Chi-square test was used to find the statistical association of level of stress with the demographic factors (gender, marital status, and accommodation), professional characteristics (working hours and practice) and impact on the individuals (mood change, weight change and headache). The level of significance was set at P≤0.05. RESULTS: Total 150 individuals responded with a mean age of 29 years (SD +/-2.96). Male to female ratio was 1:2.5. The most prevalent factors that contributed to stress were post-graduate examination (81%), clinical case presentations (80%), competition for higher performance (61%), inconsistency of feedback by supervisors (59%), research program (55%) and fear of failure to treat patients (53%). More than half of the respondents (69%) suffered from mood swings and (65%) from tension headaches followed by clenching and bruxism in nearly half of the residents (50%), musculoskeletal problems (49%) and weight changes (48%) with p-value<0.05. CONCLUSION: Post-graduate examination, competition for higher performance and increased workload are the most common stressors. There is a need to come up with effective strategies in the postgraduate curriculum to tackle stress. &nbsp