8,084 research outputs found
Defence Spending and Economic Growth: Re-examining the Issue of Causality for Pakistan and India
What is the impact of carrying a heavy defence burden on the countryβs economic development and growth? Views expressed in the literature1 argue that national defence is a consumption good which reduces economic growth by reducing saving and capital investment. A number of empirical studies have investigated the possible trade-offs between defence spending and other government expenditures like health and education. Empirical evidence concerning the relationship between defence spending and economic growth for developed countries is not inconsistent with the view that defence reduced the resources available for investment and hurts economic growth. See, for example, Benoit (1973). The evidence for developing countries, however, has not been entirely consistent or conclusive.2 Benoit (1978), using data on 44 less developed countries (LDCs) for the period 1950β65, found a strong positive association between defence spending and growth of civilian output per capita. Fredericksen and Looney (1982), using data for the period 1960β78 on a large cross-section, concluded that increased defence spending assists economic growth in resource-rich countries and not in resource-constraint ones. Using a sample of 54 LDCs pertaining to the period 1965β73, Lim (1983) found that defence spending hurts economic growth. Biswas and Ram (1986) in a sample of 58 LDCs for time-periods 1960β70 and 1970β77, using conventional and augmented growth models, concluded that military expenditures neither help nor hurt economic growth to any significant extent.
Hanbury Brown-Twiss Effect with Wave Packets
The Hanbury Brown-Twiss (HBT) effect, at the quantum level, is essentially an
interference of one particle with another, as opposed to interference of a
particle with itself. Conventional treatments of identical particles encounter
difficulties while dealing with entanglement. A recently introduced label-free
approach to indistinguishable particles is described, and is used to analyze
the HBT effect. Quantum wave-packets have been used to provide a better
understanding of the quantum interpretation of the HBT effect. The effect is
demonstrated for two independent particles governed by Bose-Einstein or
Fermi-Dirac statistics. The HBT effect is also analyzed for pairs of entangled
particles. Surprisingly, entanglement has almost no effect on the interference
seen in the HBT effect. In the light of the results, an old quantum optics
experiment is reanalyzed, and it is argued that the interference seen in that
experiment is not a consequence of non-local correlations between the photons,
as is commonly believed.Comment: Published versio
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