Gelir Dağılımı ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Kuznet Eğrisi'ni Tamamlayıcı Ülkeler Arası Bir Yatay Kesit Çalışma

Bu çalışma, yatay kesit veri kullanılarak gelir dağılımı ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca ülkelerin GSYİH büyüme oranını maksimize eden Gini katsayısını araştırmaktadır. Çalışmada, bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkiyi test etmek için 105 ülkeye ait veriler kullanılarak doğrusal olmayan bir regresyon denklemi tahmin edilmektedir. Bu ilişki Gelir Dağılımı-Büyüme Eğrisi (IGC) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Regresyon modeli önce 2001 yılı verileriyle tahmin edilmekte, daha sonra 2011 verileriyle süreç yinelenmektedir. GSYİH büyüme oranını maksimize eden Gini katsayısı 2001 yılı verileriyle 0,436 ve 2011 yılı verileriyle 0,464 olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Ayrıca IGC, Kuznet Eğrisiyle karşılaştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmadaki bulgular, genel kanının aksine, ekonomik büyüme oranını artırmak için gelişmekte olan ülkelerin gelir dağılımı eşitsizliğini azaltan politikalar uygulaması gerektiği, gelişmiş ülkelerin ise gelir dağılımı eşitsizliğini azaltan politikalardan uzak durması gerektiği sonucuna varmaktadır.This study aims to analyze the relationship between income distribution and economic growth using cross country data. The study also investigates whether there is a certain level of Gini coefficient which maximizes GDP growth rate. The available data on Gini coefficients and GDP growth rates of 105 countries is used to test a nonlinear relationship between these two variables, namely Inequality-Growth Curve (IGC). The model is first estimated for 2001 and then the estimation is repeated for 2011. The Gini coefficient which maximizes GDP growth rate is estimated as 0,436 for 2001 and 0,464 for 2011. Also, IGC is compared with Kuznets Curve. This paper suggests that, being opposite to the common sense, developing countries should reduce income inequality to increase their GDP growth rates while developed countries should increas

DOĞU KAYINI (Fagus oriantalis L.) ve KARA KAVAK (Populus nigra L.) KOMBİNASYONU İLE ÜRETİLMİŞ LAMİNE AĞAÇ MALZEMELERİN BAZI FİZİKSEL ve MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİ

Bu çalışma, Doğu kayını ve Kara kavak kombinasyonu ile üretilmiş lamine ağaç malzemelerin bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Doğu kayını ve Kara kavak odunlarından PVAc-D4 tipi tutkal ile beş katmanlı olarak hazırlanan lamine masif ağaç malzemeler kullanılmıştır. Hazırlanan 250 adet deney örneği üzerinde; yoğunluk TS 2472, eğilme direnci TS 2474, eğilmede elastiklik modülü TS 2478, basınç direnci TS 2595, makaslama direnci ASTM D 3110, yarılma direnci ise ASTM D 143 esaslarına uyularak belirlenmiştir. Deneyler sonunda, Doğu kayını ve Kara kavak kombinasyonu ile üretilmiş lamine ağaç malzemelerin hava kurusu yoğunluğu 0.571g/cm3, eğilme direnci 98.66 N/mm2, eğilmede elastiklik modülü 9020.24 N/mm2, basınç direnci 54.49 N/mm2, makaslama direnci 9.11 N/mm2, yarılma direnci 0.540 N/mm2 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlara göre; kayın ve kavak kombinasyonu ile üretilmiş lamine ağaç malzemeler mobilya malzemesi olarak kullanılması önerilebilir. Anahtar kelimeler: Laminasyon, Doğu kayını, Kara kavak, PVAc-D4 Tutkal

Comparison of The Anxiety Levels Between The Family Members of The Patients Presenting to The Pediatric Trauma Unit and Pediatric Emergency Units

INTRODUCTION: It is not the right behaviour to accept every anxiety pathologically. On the contrary, the sense of anxiety is an indicator of the response of individuals to internal or external changes. More importantly, anxiety is a beneficial affective state for individuals who contribute to the development of self and bodily adaptability to the new environment in which they live. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective study. The study was conducted on the parents of the patients who applied to the paediatric emergency department and paediatric trauma units of the emergency department at Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine. Beck Anxiety Scale was administered to one of the relatives who brought the patient to the hospital. Beck anxiety test was filled in by using face-to-face interview method. Pre-defined study forms for patients included in the study were completed. RESULTS: The study was completed with 68 family members in both groups. The values of the patients who were admitted to the paediatric emergency and adult emergency departments on the Beck Anxiety Scale were equal. CONCLUSIONS: family members of paediatric patients admitted to hospital were compared; The family members of the paediatric trauma unit and the family members of the paediatric emergency department have the same level of anxiety

Examination of the effect of xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cells and conditioned medium on cartilage graft viability: a rabbit model

Background Since cartilage, unlike skin, does not contain vessels, it obtains nutrition by diffusion. This reduces graft viability, resulting in problems such as reductions in size, changes in shape, and resorption of the cartilage graft in the late post-graft period. This study aimed to investigate the effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal cells and conditioned medium (CM) on cartilage graft viability. Methods Dissections were performed 4 months after the injection of 0.5 mL of CM or 2×106 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in 0.5 mL after grafting into a control group and two experimental groups (n=21 rabbits in total). Chondrocyte viability and type II collagen expression in the grafted areas were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical methods, respectively. Results In the MSC and CM groups, chondrocyte proliferation at the graft tissue incision margin (MSC: P<0.01, CM: P<0.0001), chondrocyte proliferation at the auricular cartilage incision margin (MSC: P<0.05, CM: P<0.0001), integration of the graft with the surrounding cartilage (MSC: P<0.001, CM: P<0.0001) and type II collagen expression levels (MSC: P=0.001, CM: P=0.0002) significantly increased. Conclusions Xenogenic injection of MSCs and CM contributed to new cartilage production without any tumoral effects or immune reactions. In particular, the cell-free nature of CM strengthened its potential for safe use. Since injections of MSC and CM can preserve cartilage graft viability, interest in this technique is expected to increase as long-term results from clinical studies on the subject become available

Volume CXIV, Number 4, November 7, 1996

Objective: Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by complete or partial X chromosome monosomy that manifests various clinical features depending on the karyotype and on the genetic background of affected girls. This study aimed to systematically investigate the key clinical features of TS in relationship to karyotype in a large pediatric Turkish patient population.Methods: Our retrospective study included 842 karyotype-proven TS patients aged 0-18 years who were evaluated in 35 different centers in Turkey in the years 2013-2014.Results: The most common karyotype was 45,X (50.7%), followed by 45,X/46,XX (10.8%), 46,X,i(Xq) (10.1%) and 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) (9.5%). Mean age at diagnosis was 10.2±4.4 years. The most common presenting complaints were short stature and delayed puberty. Among patients diagnosed before age one year, the ratio of karyotype 45,X was significantly higher than that of other karyotype groups. Cardiac defects (bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta and aortic stenosis) were the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in 25% of the TS cases. This was followed by urinary system anomalies (horseshoe kidney, double collector duct system and renal rotation) detected in 16.3%. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was found in 11.1% of patients, gastrointestinal abnormalities in 8.9%, ear nose and throat problems in 22.6%, dermatologic problems in 21.8% and osteoporosis in 15.3%. Learning difficulties and/or psychosocial problems were encountered in 39.1%. Insulin resistance and impaired fasting glucose were detected in 3.4% and 2.2%, respectively. Dyslipidemia prevalence was 11.4%.Conclusion: This comprehensive study systematically evaluated the largest group of karyotype-proven TS girls to date. The karyotype distribution, congenital anomaly and comorbidity profile closely parallel that from other countries and support the need for close medical surveillance of these complex patients throughout their lifespa

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95$7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95$43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and$37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained

Pichia pastoris ile rekombinant insan büyüme hormonu üretiminde yari-kesikli biyoreaktör işletimi için glukoz temelli besleme stratejisi geliştirilmesi.

The aim of this study was to develop an effective feeding strategy to enhance recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) production by Pichia pastoris Mut+ strain harboring pGAPZαA::hGH which is integrated to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAP) locus of P. pastoris. In this context, eight semi-batch bioreactor experiments were conducted at pilot-scale; their batch phase was same in which glycerol was used as the sole carbon source. For semi-batch operation phase, eight feeding strategies were designed using exponential substrate feeding, constant substrate feeding, specific substrate consumption rate based substrate feeding, and combination of these feeding modes. The feeding strategies were designed by using three different pre-determined specific growth rates, μ0=0.10, 0.15, and 0.175 h-1, two constant volumetric flow rates of glucose, Q(t≥15 h) =12 ml h-1 or Q(t≥11 h) =24 ml h-1, and one constant specific glucose consumption rate, qS=0.05 g g-1 h-1. Further, to investigate the effects of carbon sources, glucose and pre-treated molasses were used. The best feeding strategy was the one conducted based on exponential glucose feeding with the pre-determined specific growth rate of μ0= 0.15 h-1 wherein the highest rhGH was attained as CrhGH = 508 mg L-1 at t=19 h and the cell concentration was CX =65.4 g L-1. The overall product and cell yield on total substrate were obtained as Y’P/S = 1.9 mg g-1 and Y’X/S=0.22 g g-1, respectively.M.S. - Master of Scienc

Dokuma işletmelerinde malzeme gereksinim planlaması sisteminin uygulanması

Özellikle son çeyrek yüzyılda sertleşen rekabet, işletmeleri gittikçe artan bir baskıyla üretim süreçlerini hızlandırmaya, maliyetlerini düşürmeye, verimlilik, kalite ve müşteri ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilme potansiyellerini artırmaya zorlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle, işletme organizasyonu ve yönetimi konusunda dünyada bu gün tartışılan konulardan özellikle öne çıkan bazıları incelenmiştir. İkinci olarak da, Denizliʼde kurulu bulunan bir dokuma fabrikasında uygulama yapılarak bir MRP programı çalıştırılmış ve malzeme gereksinim planı yapılmıştır