849 research outputs found
Accessing elite nurses for research: reflections on the theoretical and practical issues of telephone interviewing
Elite groups are interesting as they frequently are powerful (in terms of position, knowledge and influence) and enjoy considerable authority. It is important, therefore, to involve them in research concerned with understanding social contexts and processes. This is particularly pertinent in healthcare, where considerable strategic development and change are features of everyday practice that may be guided or perceived as being guided, by elites.
This paper evolved from a study investigating the availability and role of nurses whose remit involved leading nursing research and development within acute NHS Trusts in two health regions in Southern England. The study design included telephone interviews with Directors of Nursing Services during which time the researchers engaged in a reflective analysis of their experiences of conducting research with an `elite' group. Important issues identified were the role of gatekeepers, engagement with elites and the use of the telephone interview method in this context. The paper examines these issues and makes a case for involving executive nurses in further research. The paper also offers strategies to help researchers design and implement telephone interview studies successfully to maximise access to the views and experiences of `hard to reach groups', such as elites, while minimising the associated disruption
Nonlinear Integer Programming
Research efforts of the past fifty years have led to a development of linear
integer programming as a mature discipline of mathematical optimization. Such a
level of maturity has not been reached when one considers nonlinear systems
subject to integrality requirements for the variables. This chapter is
dedicated to this topic.
The primary goal is a study of a simple version of general nonlinear integer
problems, where all constraints are still linear. Our focus is on the
computational complexity of the problem, which varies significantly with the
type of nonlinear objective function in combination with the underlying
combinatorial structure. Numerous boundary cases of complexity emerge, which
sometimes surprisingly lead even to polynomial time algorithms.
We also cover recent successful approaches for more general classes of
problems. Though no positive theoretical efficiency results are available, nor
are they likely to ever be available, these seem to be the currently most
successful and interesting approaches for solving practical problems.
It is our belief that the study of algorithms motivated by theoretical
considerations and those motivated by our desire to solve practical instances
should and do inform one another. So it is with this viewpoint that we present
the subject, and it is in this direction that we hope to spark further
research.Comment: 57 pages. To appear in: M. J\"unger, T. Liebling, D. Naddef, G.
Nemhauser, W. Pulleyblank, G. Reinelt, G. Rinaldi, and L. Wolsey (eds.), 50
Years of Integer Programming 1958--2008: The Early Years and State-of-the-Art
Surveys, Springer-Verlag, 2009, ISBN 354068274
Ultrasound attenuation in gap-anisotropic systems
Transverse ultrasound attenuation provides a weakly-coupled probe of momentum
current correlations in electronic systems. We develop a simple theory for the
interpretation of transverse ultrasound attenuation coefficients in systems
with nodal gap anisotropy. Applying this theory we show how ultrasound can
delineate between extended-s and d-wave scenarios for the cuprate
superconductors.Comment: Uuencode file: 4 pages (Revtex), 3 figures. Some references adde
A mathematical model for the onset of avascular tumor growth in response to the loss of p53 function
We present a mathematical model for the formation of an avascular tumor based on the loss by gene mutation of the tumor suppressor function of p53. The wild type p53 protein regulates apoptosis, cell expression of growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase, which are regulatory functions that many mutant p53 proteins do not possess. The focus is on a description of cell movement as the transport of cell population density rather than as the movement of individual cells. In contrast to earlier works on solid tumor growth, a model is proposed for the initiation of tumor growth. The central idea, taken from the mathematical theory of dynamical systems, is to view the loss of p53 function in a few cells as a small instability in a rest state for an appropriate system of differential equations describing cell movement. This instability is shown (numerically) to lead to a second, spatially inhomogeneous, solution that can be thought of as a solid tumor whose growth is nutrient diffusion limited. In this formulation, one is led to a system of nine partial differential equations. We show computationally that there can be tumor states that coexist with benign states and that are highly unstable in the sense that a slight increase in tumor size results in the tumor occupying the sample region while a slight decrease in tumor size results in its ultimate disappearance
Supersymmetry Breaking and Determination of the Unification Gauge Coupling Constant in String Theories
We study in a systematic and modular invariant way gaugino condensation in
the hidden sector as a potential source of hierarchical supersymmetry breaking
and a non--trivial potential for the dilaton whose real part corresponds to
the tree level gauge coupling constant (). For
the case of pure Yang--Mills condensation, we show that no realistic results
(in particular no reasonable values for ) can emerge, even if the
hidden gauge group is not simple. However, in the presence of hidden matter
(i.e. the most frequent case) there arises a very interesting class of
scenarios with two or more hidden condensing groups for which the dilaton
dynamically acquires a reasonable value () and supersymmetry
is broken at the correct scale () with no need of
fine--tuning. Actually, good values for and are
correlated. We make an exhaustive classification of the working possibilities.
Remarkably, the results are basically independent from the value of
(the contributions from the Green--Schwarz mechanism). The radius
of the compactified space also acquires an expectation value, breaking duality
spontaneously.Comment: 35 page
Distinguishing d-wave from highly anisotropic s-wave superconductors
Systematic impurity doping in the Cu-O plane of the hole-doped cuprate
superconductors may allow one to decide between unconvention al ("d-wave") and
anisotropic conventional ("s-wave") states as possible candidates for the order
parameter in these materials. We show that potential scattering of any strength
always increases the gap minima of such s-wave states, leading to activated
behavior in temperature with characteristic impurity concentration dependence
in observable quantities such as the penetration depth. A magnetic component to
the scattering may destroy the energy gap and give rise to conventional gapless
behavior, or lead to a nonmonotonic dependence of the gap on impurity
concentration. We discuss how experiments constrain this analysis.Comment: 5 page
Constraining Supergravity Scenarios through the Decay.
We evaluate the branching ratio BR() in the minimal
supersymmetric standard model (MSSM), determining the corresponding
phenomenological restrictions on two attractive supergravity scenarios, namely
minimal supergravity and a class of models with a natural solution to the
problem. We have included in the calculation some one--loop refinements that
have a substantial impact on the results. The numerical results show some
disagreements with part of the previous results in the literature, while they
are in agreement with others. For minimal supergravity the CLEO upper and lower
bounds put important restrictions on the scalar and gaugino masses in both
cases . For the other supergravity scenarios the relevant
CLEO bound is the upper one. It is stressed the fact that an eventual
improvement of the experimental bounds of order would strengthen the
restrictions on the MSSM dramatically. This would be enough to discard these
supergravity scenarios with if no discrepancy is found with the
standard model prediction, while for there will remain low-energy
windows.Comment: 13 pages + 8 figures included in a separate file, Latex, requires
psfig.sty. We have corrected a mistake affecting some figures and their
corresponding quotations in the text, as well as several misprints
Milagrito: a TeV air-shower array
Milagrito, a large, covered water-Cherenkov detector, was the world's first
air-shower-particle detector sensitive to cosmic gamma rays below 1 TeV. It
served as a prototype for the Milagro detector and operated from February 1997
to May 1998. This paper gives a description of Milagrito, a summary of the
operating experience, and early results that demonstrate the capabilities of
this technique.Comment: 38 pages including 24 figure
Dynamical description of the breakup of one-neutron halo nuclei 11Be and 19C
We investigate the breakup of the one-neutron halo nuclei 11Be and 19C within
a dynamical model of the continuum excitation of the projectile. The time
evolution of the projectile in coordinate space is described by solving the
three-dimensional time dependent Schroedinger equation, treating the
projectile-target (both Coulomb and nuclear) interaction as a time dependent
external perturbation. The pure Coulomb breakup dominates the relative energy
spectra of the fragments in the peak region, while the nuclear breakup is
important at higher relative energies. The coherent sum of the two
contributions provides a good overall description of the experimental spectra.
Cross sections of the first order perturbation theory are derived as a limit of
our dynamical model. The dynamical effects are found to be of the order of
10-15% for the beam energies in the range of 60 - 80 MeV/nucleon. A comparison
of our results with those of a post form distorted wave Born approximation
shows that the magnitudes of the higher order effects are dependent on the
theoretical model.Comment: 15 pages, ReVTeX, 5 figures, typos corrected, accepted for
publication in Physical Review
An axiomatization of cumulative prospect theory
This paper presents a method for axiomatizing a variety of models for decision making under uncertainty, including Expected Utility and Cumulative Prospect Theory. This method identifies, for each model, the situations that permit consistent inferences about the ordering of value differences. Examples of rankdependent and sign-dependent preference patterns are used to motivate the models and the tradeoff consistency axioms that characterize them. The major properties of the value function in Cumulative Prospect Theory—diminishing sensitivity and loss aversion—are contrasted with the principle of diminishing marginal utility that is commonly assumed in Expected Utility
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