176 research outputs found
Percentage of High Schoolers\u27 with Daily Soda Consumption by State Compared to the Percentage of High Schoolers with Obesity by State
We will be presenting a poster on the percentage of high schoolers\u27 with daily soda consumption by state compared to the percentage of high schoolers with obesity by state
What is Missing from the Local Stellar Halo?
The Milky Way's stellar halo, which extends to kpc, encodes the
evolutionary history of our Galaxy. However, most studies of the halo to date
have been limited to within a few kpc of the Sun. Here, we characterize
differences between this local halo and the stellar halo in its entirety. We
construct a composite stellar halo model by combining observationally motivated
N-body simulations of the Milky Way's nine most massive disrupted dwarf
galaxies that account for almost all of the mass in the halo. We find that (1)
the representation by mass of different dwarf galaxies in the local halo
compared to the whole halo can be significantly overestimated (e.g., the Helmi
Streams) or underestimated (e.g., Cetus) and (2) properties of the overall halo
(e.g., net rotation) inferred via orbit integration of local halo stars are
significantly biased, because e.g., highly retrograde debris from
Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus is missing from the local halo. Therefore,
extrapolations from the local to the global halo should be treated with
caution. From analysis of a sample of 11 MW-like simulated halos, we identify a
population of recently accreted ( Gyrs) and disrupted galaxies on
high angular momenta orbits that are entirely missing from local samples, and
awaiting discovery in the outer halo. Our results motivate the need for surveys
of halo stars extending to the Galaxy's virial radius.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures. Submitted to ApJ. Comments warmly welcome
Halpha and 4000 Angstrom Break Measurements for ~3500 K-selected Galaxies at 0.5<z<2.0
We measure spectral features of ~3500 K-selected galaxies at 0.5<z<2.0 from
high quality medium-band photometry using a new technique. First, we divide the
galaxy sample in 32 subsamples based on the similarities between the full
spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the galaxies. For each of these 32
galaxy types we construct a composite SED by de-redshifting and scaling the
observed photometry. This approach increases the signal-to-noise ratio and
sampling of galaxy SEDs and allows for model-independent stellar population
studies. The composite SEDs are of spectroscopic quality, and facilitate -- for
the first time -- Halpha measurement for a large magnitude-limited sample of
distant galaxies. The linewidths indicate a photometric redshift uncertainty of
dz<0.02x(1+z). The composite SEDs also show the Balmer and 4000 Angstrom
breaks, MgII absorption at ~2800 Angstrom, the dust absorption feature at 2175
Angstrom, and blended [OIII]+Hbeta emission. We compare the total equivalent
width of Halpha, [NII], and [SII] (W_Halpha+) with the strength of the 4000
Angstrom break (D(4000)) and the best-fit specific star formation rate, and
find that all these properties are strongly correlated. This is a reassuring
result, as currently most distant stellar population studies are based on just
continuum emission. Furthermore, the relation between W_Halpha+ and Dn(4000)
provides interesting clues to the SFHs of galaxies, as these features are
sensitive to different stellar ages. We find that the correlation between
W_Halpha+ and D(4000) at 0.5<z<2.0 is similar to z~0, and that the suppression
of star formation in galaxies at z<2 is generally not abrupt, but a gradual
process.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ; high-resolution version can be
downloaded at https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~mkriek/papers
COS-Speech: Protocol to develop a core outcome set for dysarthria after stroke for use in clinical practice and research
BACKGROUND: Dysarthria after stroke is when speech intelligibility is impaired, and this occurs in half of all stroke survivors. Dysarthria often leads to social isolation, poor psychological well-being and can prevent return to work and social lives. Currently, a variety of outcome measures are used in clinical research and practice when monitoring recovery for people who have dysarthria. When research studies use different measures, it is impossible to compare results from trials and delays our understanding of effective clinical treatments. The aim of this study is to develop a core outcome set (COS) to agree what aspects of speech recovery should be measured for dysarthria after stroke (COS-Speech) in research and clinical practice. METHODS: The COS-Speech study will include five steps: (1) development of a long list of possible outcome domains of speech that should be measured to guide the survey; (2) recruitment to the COS-Speech study of three key stakeholder groups in the UK and Australia: stroke survivors, communication researchers and speech and language therapists/pathologists; (3) two rounds of the Delphi survey process; (4) a consensus meeting to agree the speech outcomes to be measured and a follow-up consensus meeting to match existing instruments/measures (from parallel systematic review) to the agreed COS-Speech; (5) dissemination of COS-Speech. DISCUSSION: There is currently no COS for dysarthria after stroke for research trials or clinical practice. The findings from this research study will be a minimum COS, for use in all dysarthria research studies and clinical practice looking at post-stroke recovery of speech. These findings will be widely disseminated using professional and patient networks, research and clinical forums as well as using a variety of academic papers, videos, accessible writing such as blogs and links on social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION: COS-Speech is registered with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) database, October 2021 https://www.comet-initiative.org/Studies/Details/1959. In addition, “A systematic review of the psychometric properties and clinical utility of instruments measuring dysarthria after stroke” will inform the consensus meeting to match measures to COS-Speech. The protocol for the systematic reviews registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022302998. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-022-06958-7
Direct measurements of dust attenuation in z~1.5 star-forming galaxies from 3D-HST: Implications for dust geometry and star formation rates
The nature of dust in distant galaxies is not well understood, and until
recently few direct dust measurements have been possible. We investigate dust
in distant star-forming galaxies using near-infrared grism spectra of the
3D-HST survey combined with archival multi-wavelength photometry. These data
allow us to make a direct comparison between dust around star-forming regions
() and the integrated dust content ().
We select a sample of 163 galaxies between with H
signal-to-noise ratio and measure Balmer decrements from stacked spectra
to calculate . First, we stack spectra in bins of
, and find that
, with a significance of
. Our result is consistent with the two-component dust model, in
which galaxies contain both diffuse and stellar birth cloud dust. Next, we
stack spectra in bins of specific star formation rate (),
star formation rate (), and stellar mass (). We
find that on average increases with SFR and mass, but
decreases with increasing SSFR. Interestingly, the data hint that the amount of
extra attenuation decreases with increasing SSFR. This trend is expected from
the two-component model, as the extra attenuation will increase once older
stars outside the star-forming regions become more dominant in the galaxy
spectrum. Finally, using Balmer decrements we derive dust-corrected H
SFRs, and find that stellar population modeling produces incorrect SFRs if
rapidly declining star formation histories are included in the explored
parameter space.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal (13 pages, 9
figures
Exploring the chemical link between local ellipticals and their high-redshift progenitors
We present Keck/MOSFIRE K-band spectroscopy of the first mass-selected sample
of galaxies at . Targets are selected from the 3D-HST Treasury
survey. The six detected galaxies have a mean [NII]6584/H
ratio of , with a small standard deviation of 0.05. This mean
value is similar to that of UV-selected galaxies of the same mass. The mean
gas-phase oxygen abundance inferred from the [NII]/H ratios depends on
the calibration method, and ranges from 12+log(O/H) for the
{Pettini} & {Pagel} (2004) calibration to 12+log(O/H) for the
{Maiolino} {et~al.} (2008) calibration. Measurements of the stellar oxygen
abundance in nearby quiescent galaxies with the same number density indicate
12+log(O/H), similar to the gas-phase abundances of the
galaxies if the {Maiolino} {et~al.} (2008) calibration is used. This
suggests that these high-redshift star forming galaxies may be progenitors of
today's massive early-type galaxies. The main uncertainties are the absolute
calibration of the gas-phase oxygen abundance and the incompleteness of the
sample: the galaxies with detected H tend to be larger and
have higher star formation rates than the galaxies without detected H,
and we may still be missing the most dust-obscured progenitors.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ
Galaxy clustering in the NEWFIRM Medium Band Survey: the relationship between stellar mass and dark matter halo mass at 1 < z < 2
We present an analysis of the clustering of galaxies as a function of their
stellar mass at 1 < z < 2 using data from the NEWFIRM Medium Band Survey
(NMBS). The precise photometric redshifts and stellar masses that the NMBS
produces allows us to define a series of mass limited samples of galaxies more
massive than 0.7, 1 and 3x10^10 Msun in redshift intervals centered on z = 1.1,
1.5 and 1.9 respectively. In each redshift interval we show that there exists a
strong dependence of clustering strength on the stellar mass limit of the
sample, with more massive galaxies showing a higher clustering amplitude on all
scales. We further interpret our clustering measurements in the LCDM
cosmological context using the halo model of galaxy clustering. We show that
the typical halo mass of central and satellite galaxies increases with stellar
mass, whereas the satellite fraction decreases with stellar mass, qualitatively
the same as is seen at z < 1. We see little evidence of any redshift dependence
in the stellar mass-to-halo mass relationship over our narrow redshift range.
However, when we compare with similar measurements at z~0, we see clear
evidence for a change in this relation. If we assume a universal baryon
fraction, the ratio of stellar mass to halo mass reveals the fraction of
baryons that have been converted to stars. We see that the peak in this star
formation efficiency for central galaxies shifts to higher halo masses at
higher redshift, moving from ~7x10^11 Msun at z~0 to ~3x10^12 Msun at z~1.5,
revealing evidence of `halo downsizing'. Finally we show that for highly biased
galaxy populations at z > 1 there may be a discrepancy between the measured
space density and clustering and that predicted by the halo model. This could
imply that there is a problem with one or more ingredients of the halo model at
these redshifts, for instance the halo bias relation or the halo profile.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. Correction made to typo in halo
masses in conclusion
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