Book Reviews

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142196/1/ncp0100.pd

Is My Colonialism Showing? A Reflexive Case Study.

About a decade ago, I was told by a family member that our ancestor, who we all believed to have been a French-Canadian fur trader, was of the Wolastoqiyik / Maliseet Indigenous People. This was shocking considering my white upper middle class, Dutch/Irish, conservative background. Through my time at Grand Valley State University (GVSU), I was able to meet Lin Bardwell, Native American Student Initiative Coordinator and Assistant Director of Multicultural Affairs. Through her, I have been given the opportunity to be mentored in the ways of the Anishinaabeg People of West Michigan. My experiences have stirred an even deeper desire to see more equitable systems in place for my kin and other marginalized groups. That is why this reflexive case study will ask the following question: How have colonial research methodologies on North American Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous Knowledge Systems impacted the interrelationships between Indigenous culture, community, business, and philanthropy? My project is Participatory Action Research (PAR)-informed, utilizing a Strengths Enhancing Evaluation Research (SEER) approach through the process of story-gathering, while also examining anthropological resources through a Decolonizing / postcolonial methodology within a reflexive case study. Lastly, I will integrate the Seven Grandfather Teachings of the Anishinaabeg people into the framework of my project. “The Seven Grandfather Teachings are the principles of character that each Anishinaabe should live by. Love, Respect, Bravery, Truth, Honesty, Humility & Wisdom” (American Indian Health Service of Chicago, 2021). Embracing the SEER approach within a Reflexive Case Study will allow me to continually assess and adjust my own personal biases, while also learning and growing from the wisdom of Indigenous Culture and Knowledge Systems, including the Seven Grandfather teachings

Pediatric Critical Care and COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, disproportionally affects adults (children 60 centers in nearly 20 countries from the Americas and Europe. In this report, we provide preliminary insights into our first 17 patients. Methods The Critical Coronavirus and Kids Epidemiology is a cohort study of children <19 years old with severe or critical COVID-19. The study period runs from April through December 2020. For this report, we included patients enrolled through April 23. We defined critical COVID-19 as a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 test result and requiring ICU therapies (high-flow nasal cannula [HFNC], noninvasive ventilation [NIV], invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV], vasoactive support, continuous renal replacement therapy). Severe COVID-19 included those receiving mask or nasal oxygen exceeding the pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) “at risk” threshold.8 Deidentified data were collected by using a modification of the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium form (https://isaric.tghn.org/COVID-19-CRF/). Local ethics approval was obtained with a waiver of need for consent. Results We enrolled 17 children from 10 PICUs in Chile, Colombia, Italy, Spain, and the United States. Detailed data are in the Supplemental Information. Most patients were male (65%), young (median 4 years; range 0.08–18 years), and without known COVID-19 exposure (14 of 17). Comorbidities (Table 1, Supplemental Table 3) were common (71%) but variable. Symptoms were heterogenous, with fever and cough being most frequent (Table 1, Supplemental Table 3). Most with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (4 of 6) were also diagnosed with myocarditis (Supplemental Table 4). All these were from Europe and without previous cardiovascular disease

Subcellular localization and expression of bamboo mosaic virus satellite RNA-encoded protein

The satellite RNA of bamboo mosaic virus (satBaMV) has a single open reading frame encoding a non-structural protein, P20, which facilitates long-distance movement of satBaMV in BaMV and satBaMV co-infected plants. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the P20 protein accumulated in the cytoplasm and nuclei in co-infected cells. P20 and the helper virus coat protein (CP) were highly similar in their subcellular localization, except that aggregates of BaMV virions were not labelled with anti-P20 serum. The BaMV CP protein was fairly abundant in mesophyll cells, whilst P20 was more frequently detected in mesophyll cells and vascular tissues. The expression kinetics of the P20 protein was similar to but slightly earlier than that of CP in co-infected Bambusa oldhamii protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. However, satBaMV-encoded protein levels declined rapidly in the late phase of co-infection. During co-infection, in addition to the intact P20, a low-molecular-mass polypeptide of 16 kDa was identified as a P20 C-terminally truncated product; the possible method of generation of the truncated protein is discussed

Global respiratory syncytial virus–related infant community deaths

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of pediatric death, with >99% of mortality occurring in low- and lower middle-income countries. At least half of RSV-related deaths are estimated to occur in the community, but clinical characteristics of this group of children remain poorly characterized. Methods The RSV Global Online Mortality Database (RSV GOLD), a global registry of under-5 children who have died with RSV-related illness, describes clinical characteristics of children dying of RSV through global data sharing. RSV GOLD acts as a collaborative platform for global deaths, including community mortality studies described in this supplement. We aimed to compare the age distribution of infant deaths <6 months occurring in the community with in-hospital. Results We studied 829 RSV-related deaths <1 year of age from 38 developing countries, including 166 community deaths from 12 countries. There were 629 deaths that occurred <6 months, of which 156 (25%) occurred in the community. Among infants who died before 6 months of age, median age at death in the community (1.5 months; IQR: 0.8−3.3) was lower than in-hospital (2.4 months; IQR: 1.5−4.0; P < .0001). The proportion of neonatal deaths was higher in the community (29%, 46/156) than in-hospital (12%, 57/473, P < 0.0001). Conclusions We observed that children in the community die at a younger age. We expect that maternal vaccination or immunoprophylaxis against RSV will have a larger impact on RSV-related mortality in the community than in-hospital. This case series of RSV-related community deaths, made possible through global data sharing, allowed us to assess the potential impact of future RSV vaccines

Regulated nuclear targeting of cauliflower mosaic virus

Karsies A, Merkle T, Szurek B, Bonas U, Hohn T, Leclerc D. Regulated nuclear targeting of cauliflower mosaic virus. Journal of General Virology. 2002;83(7):1783-1790.The mature cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) capsid protein (CP), if expressed in the absence of other viral proteins, is transported into the plant cell nucleus by the action of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) close to the N terminus. In contrast, virus particles do not enter the nucleus, but dock at the nuclear membrane, a process inhibited by anti-NLS antibodies or by GTP gamma S, and apparently mediated by interaction of CP with host importin alpha. The very acidic N-terminal extension of the viral CP precursor inhibits nuclear targeting of the protein and hence the precursor is localized in the cytoplasm. We hypothesize that this provides a control mechanism which ensures that the CP precursor is used for virus assembly in the cytoplasm and that only mature virus particles reach the nuclear pore