44 research outputs found
Influence of grain growth on CO2 ice spectroscopic profiles : Modelling for dense cores and disks
Interstellar dust grain growth in dense clouds and protoplanetary disks, even
moderate, affects the observed interstellar ice profiles as soon as a
significant fraction of dust grains is in the size range close to the wave
vector at the considered wavelength. The continuum baseline correction made
prior to analysing ice profiles influences the subsequent analysis and hence
the estimated ice composition, typically obtained by band fitting using thin
film ice mixture spectra. We model the effect of grain growth on ice mantle
spectroscopic profiles, focusing on CO2 to see how it can affect interstellar
ice mantle spectral analysis and interpretation. Using the Discrete Dipole
Approximation for Scattering and Absorption of Light, the mass absorption
coefficients of distributions of grains composed of ellipsoidal silicate cores
with water and carbon dioxide ice mantles are calculated. A few other ice
mantle compositions are also calculated. We explore the size distribution
evolution from dense clouds to simulate the first steps of grain growth up to
three microns in size. The results are injected into RADMC-3D full scattering
radiative transfer models of spherical clouds and protoplanetary disk templates
to retrieve observable spectral energy distributions. We focus on calculated
profile of the CO2 antisymmetric stretching mode ice band profile at 4.27
microns, a meaningful indicator of grain growth. The observed profiles toward
dense cores with the Infrared space observatory and Akari satellites already
showed profiles possibly indicative of moderate grain growth.The observation of
protoplanetary disks at high inclination with the JWST should present distorted
profiles that will put constraints on the extent of dust growth. The more
evolved the dust size distribution, the more the extraction of the ice mantle
composition will require both understanding and taking into account grain
growth.Comment: 19 pages, 16 figure
Chemical exploration of Galactic cold cores
Context. A solar-type system starts from an initial molecular core that acquires organic complexity as it evolves. The so-called prestellar cores that can be studied are rare, which has hampered our understanding of how organic chemistry sets in and grows. Aims. We selected the best prestellar core targets from the cold core catalogue (based on Planck and Herschel observations) that represent a diversity in terms of their environment to explore their chemical complexity: 1390 (in the compressed shell of Lambda Ori), 869 (in the MBM12 cloud), and 4149 (in the California nebula). Methods. We obtained a spectral survey with the IRAM 30 m telescope in order to explore the molecular complexity of the cores. We carried out a radiative transfer analysis of the detected transitions in order to place some constraints on the physical conditions of the cores and on the molecular column densities. We also used the molecular ions in the survey to estimate the cosmic-ray ionisation rate and the S/H initial elemental abundance using a gas-phase chemical model to reproduce their abundances. Results. We found large differences in the molecular complexity (deuteration, complex organic molecules, sulphur, carbon chains, and ions) and compared their chemical properties with a cold core and two prestellar cores. The chemical diversity we found in the three cores seems to be correlated with their chemical evolution: two of them are prestellar (1390 and 4149), and one is in an earlier stage (869). Conclusions. The influence of the environment is likely limited because cold cores are strongly shielded from their surroundings. The high extinction prevents interstellar UV radiation from penetrating deeply into the cores. Higher spatial resolution observations of the cores are therefore needed to constrain the physical structure of the cores, as well as a larger-scale distribution of molecular ions to understand the influence of the environment on their molecular complexity.Peer reviewe
PDRs4All II: JWST's NIR and MIR imaging view of the Orion Nebula
The JWST has captured the most detailed and sharpest infrared images ever
taken of the inner region of the Orion Nebula, the nearest massive star
formation region, and a prototypical highly irradiated dense photo-dissociation
region (PDR). We investigate the fundamental interaction of far-ultraviolet
photons with molecular clouds. The transitions across the ionization front
(IF), dissociation front (DF), and the molecular cloud are studied at
high-angular resolution. These transitions are relevant to understanding the
effects of radiative feedback from massive stars and the dominant physical and
chemical processes that lead to the IR emission that JWST will detect in many
Galactic and extragalactic environments. Due to the proximity of the Orion
Nebula and the unprecedented angular resolution of JWST, these data reveal that
the molecular cloud borders are hyper structured at small angular scales of
0.1-1" (0.0002-0.002 pc or 40-400 au at 414 pc). A diverse set of features are
observed such as ridges, waves, globules and photoevaporated protoplanetary
disks. At the PDR atomic to molecular transition, several bright features are
detected that are associated with the highly irradiated surroundings of the
dense molecular condensations and embedded young star. Toward the Orion Bar
PDR, a highly sculpted interface is detected with sharp edges and density
increases near the IF and DF. This was predicted by previous modeling studies,
but the fronts were unresolved in most tracers. A complex, structured, and
folded DF surface was traced by the H2 lines. This dataset was used to revisit
the commonly adopted 2D PDR structure of the Orion Bar. JWST provides us with a
complete view of the PDR, all the way from the PDR edge to the substructured
dense region, and this allowed us to determine, in detail, where the emission
of the atomic and molecular lines, aromatic bands, and dust originate
PDRs4All IV. An embarrassment of riches: Aromatic infrared bands in the Orion Bar
(Abridged) Mid-infrared observations of photodissociation regions (PDRs) are
dominated by strong emission features called aromatic infrared bands (AIBs).
The most prominent AIBs are found at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.2 m. The
most sensitive, highest-resolution infrared spectral imaging data ever taken of
the prototypical PDR, the Orion Bar, have been captured by JWST. We provide an
inventory of the AIBs found in the Orion Bar, along with mid-IR template
spectra from five distinct regions in the Bar: the molecular PDR, the atomic
PDR, and the HII region. We use JWST NIRSpec IFU and MIRI MRS observations of
the Orion Bar from the JWST Early Release Science Program, PDRs4All (ID: 1288).
We extract five template spectra to represent the morphology and environment of
the Orion Bar PDR. The superb sensitivity and the spectral and spatial
resolution of these JWST observations reveal many details of the AIB emission
and enable an improved characterization of their detailed profile shapes and
sub-components. While the spectra are dominated by the well-known AIBs at 3.3,
6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.7 m, a wealth of weaker features and
sub-components are present. We report trends in the widths and relative
strengths of AIBs across the five template spectra. These trends yield valuable
insight into the photochemical evolution of PAHs, such as the evolution
responsible for the shift of 11.2 m AIB emission from class B in
the molecular PDR to class A in the PDR surface layers. This
photochemical evolution is driven by the increased importance of FUV processing
in the PDR surface layers, resulting in a "weeding out" of the weakest links of
the PAH family in these layers. For now, these JWST observations are consistent
with a model in which the underlying PAH family is composed of a few species:
the so-called 'grandPAHs'.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures, to appear in A&
PDRs4All III: JWST's NIR spectroscopic view of the Orion Bar
(Abridged) We investigate the impact of radiative feedback from massive stars
on their natal cloud and focus on the transition from the HII region to the
atomic PDR (crossing the ionisation front (IF)), and the subsequent transition
to the molecular PDR (crossing the dissociation front (DF)). We use
high-resolution near-IR integral field spectroscopic data from NIRSpec on JWST
to observe the Orion Bar PDR as part of the PDRs4All JWST Early Release Science
Program. The NIRSpec data reveal a forest of lines including, but not limited
to, HeI, HI, and CI recombination lines, ionic lines, OI and NI fluorescence
lines, Aromatic Infrared Bands (AIBs including aromatic CH, aliphatic CH, and
their CD counterparts), CO2 ice, pure rotational and ro-vibrational lines from
H2, and ro-vibrational lines HD, CO, and CH+, most of them detected for the
first time towards a PDR. Their spatial distribution resolves the H and He
ionisation structure in the Huygens region, gives insight into the geometry of
the Bar, and confirms the large-scale stratification of PDRs. We observe
numerous smaller scale structures whose typical size decreases with distance
from Ori C and IR lines from CI, if solely arising from radiative recombination
and cascade, reveal very high gas temperatures consistent with the hot
irradiated surface of small-scale dense clumps deep inside the PDR. The H2
lines reveal multiple, prominent filaments which exhibit different
characteristics. This leaves the impression of a "terraced" transition from the
predominantly atomic surface region to the CO-rich molecular zone deeper in.
This study showcases the discovery space created by JWST to further our
understanding of the impact radiation from young stars has on their natal
molecular cloud and proto-planetary disk, which touches on star- and planet
formation as well as galaxy evolution.Comment: 52 pages, 30 figures, submitted to A&
PDRs4All: A JWST Early Release Science Program on Radiative Feedback from Massive Stars
22 pags., 8 figs., 1 tab.Massive stars disrupt their natal molecular cloud material through radiative and mechanical feedback processes. These processes have profound effects on the evolution of interstellar matter in our Galaxy and throughout the universe, from the era of vigorous star formation at redshifts of 1-3 to the present day. The dominant feedback processes can be probed by observations of the Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs) where the far-ultraviolet photons of massive stars create warm regions of gas and dust in the neutral atomic and molecular gas. PDR emission provides a unique tool to study in detail the physical and chemical processes that are relevant for most of the mass in inter-and circumstellar media including diffuse clouds, proto-planetary disks, and molecular cloud surfaces, globules, planetary nebulae, and star-forming regions. PDR emission dominates the infrared (IR) spectra of star-forming galaxies. Most of the Galactic and extragalactic observations obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will therefore arise in PDR emission. In this paper we present an Early Release Science program using the MIRI, NIRSpec, and NIRCam instruments dedicated to the observations of an emblematic and nearby PDR: the Orion Bar. These early JWST observations will provide template data sets designed to identify key PDR characteristics in JWST observations. These data will serve to benchmark PDR models and extend them into the JWST era. We also present the Science-Enabling products that we will provide to the community. These template data sets and Science-Enabling products will guide the preparation of future proposals on star-forming regions in our Galaxy and beyond and will facilitate data analysis and interpretation of forthcoming JWST observations.Support for JWST-ERS program ID 1288 was provided through grants from the STScI under NASA contract NAS5-03127 to STScI (K.G., D.V.D.P., M.R.), Univ. of Maryland (M.W., M.P.), Univ. of Michigan (E.B., F.A.), and Univ. of Toledo (T.S.-Y.L.). O.B. and E.H. are supported by the Programme National “Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire” (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU with INC/INP co-funded by CEA and CNES, and through APR grants 6315 and 6410 provided by CNES. E. P. and J.C. acknowledge support from the National Science and
Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant program (RGPIN-2020-06434 and RGPIN-2021-04197 respectively). E.P. acknowledges support from a Western Strategic Support Accelerator Grant (ROLA ID 0000050636). J.R.G. and S.C. thank the Spanish MCINN for funding support under grant PID2019-106110GB-I00. Work by M.R. and Y.O. is carried out within the Collaborative Research Centre 956, subproject C1, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)—project ID 184018867. T.O. acknowledges support from JSPS Bilateral Program, grant No. 120219939. M.P. and M.W. acknowledge support from NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis Program award #80NSSC19K0573. C.B. is grateful for an appointment at NASA Ames Research Center through the San José State University Research Foundation (NNX17AJ88A) and acknowledges support from the Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Directed Work Package at
NASA Ames titled: “Laboratory Astrophysics—The NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database.”Peer reviewe
Les silicates interstellaires : composition physico-chimique et évolution
This PhD work is devoted to the study of the structure, composition and evolution of the physico-chemical properties of oxygen-rich interstellar dust (silicates and oxydes). This work is based on infrared spectroscopic data (2-200 µm) obtained from the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). The interpretation of the data is carried out by the modelling of radiative transfer of the studied objects and by an experimental approach aimed to simulate the cosmic dust and the various physical processes to which it is submitted in the Interstellar Medium (MIS). The silicate dust is formed in the circumstellar shells around evolved oxygen-rich stars (AGB stars) and injected into the ISM via stellar winds. After passage through the diffuse medium where they may undergo various structural modifications, it is destroyed or incorporated into the regions around protostars and into (proto) planetary systems by the collapse of molecular clouds. The detailed study of the newly formed silicate dust, around evolved stars, and of the older dust, around protostars, shows that its composition and structure vary at the beginning and at the end of its evolutionary cycle. Indeed, the newly formed silicate grains are mainly composed of amorphous olivine and 20 to 25 % of crystalline silicates, whereas around protostars, the silicate grains are porous and composed of pyroxenes and aluminosilicates (more than 90 %) with inclusions of oxides. The results of laboratory experiments of irradiation on crystalline olivine with 4 and 10 keV He+ ions, aimed to simulate ion implantation into interstellar dust grains in shocks in the ISM, show that this irradiation mechanism may explain the observed disappearance of the crystalline silicates and the chemical change of the amorphous silicates from olivine to pyroxene in the ISM.Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la structure, de la composition et de l'évolution physico-chimique de la poussière interstellaire riche en oxygène (silicates et oxydes). Ce travail s'appuie sur les données spectroscopiques infrarouges (2-200 µm) du satellite ISO (Infrared Space Observatory). L'interprétation des données est effectuée par la modélisation des objets étudiés ainsi que par une approche expérimentale visant à simuler la poussière cosmique et les divers processus physiques auxquels elle est soumise dans le Milieu Interstellaire (MIS). La poussière silicatée est formée dans les enveloppes entourant les étoiles en fin de vie riches en oxygène (étoiles AGB). Sous l'action des vents stellaires, elle est injectée dans le MIS dans lequel elle réside la majeur partie de sa vie. Elle est finalement détruite dans le MIS ou incorporée, lors de l'effondrement gravitationnel de nuages moléculaires, dans de nouvelles étoiles et systèmes (proto-) planétaires. L'étude détaillée de la poussière silicatée à sa formation, autour des étoiles évoluées, et à la fin de son évolution, autour des objets protostellaires montre que sa composition et sa structure sont différentes au début et à la fin de son cycle d'évolution. En effet, les silicates nouvellement formées sont principalement composés d'olivine amorphe et de 20 à 25 % de silicates cristallins alors qu'autour des protoétoiles, les grains silicatés sont poreux et composés de pyroxènes et d'aluminosilicates amorphes (à plus de 90 %) ainsi que d'oxyde de fer. La disparition des silicates cristallins et le changement de composition olivine --> pyroxène mis en évidence pourraient être dus, comme le montre les expériences de simulations d'irradiation d'olivine cristalline par des ions He+ de 4 et 10 keV, à l'irradiation des grains par des ions légers accélérés dans les chocs se propageant dans le MIS à la suite de l'explosion de supernovae
LES SILICATES INTERSTELLAIRES (COMPOSITION PHYSICO-CHIMIQUE ET EVOLUTION)
ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocMEUDON-Observatoire (920482302) / SudocSudocFranceF