197 research outputs found
Two-Electron Effects in the Multiphoton Ionization of Magnesium with 400 nm 150 fs Pulses
The multiphoton ionization and photoelectron spectra of magnesium were
studied at laser intensities of up to 6x10^{13} Wcm^{-2} using 150 fs laser
pulses of a wavelength of 400 nm. The results indicated that a variety of
different ionization mechanisms played a role in both types of spectra. A
theoretical model describing the processes is presented and the routes to
ionization are identified. The work demonstrates the significance of the
two-electron nature of the atom in interpreting the experimental results.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, submitted to Physical Review
Orexin-A exerts equivocal role in atherosclerosis process depending on the duration of exposure : in vitro study
Orexin-A is a peptide hormone that plays a crucial role in feeding regulation and energy homeostasis. Diurnal intermittent fasting (DIF) has been found to increase orexin-A plasma levels during fasting hours, while Ramadan fasting which resembles DIF, has led to beneficial effects on endothelial function. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of orexin-A on the expression of molecules involved in the atherogenesis process: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and 2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). HAECs were incubated with orexin-A at concentrations of 40 ng/mL, 200 ng/mL and 400 ng/mL for 6, 12 and 24 h. The mRNA levels of MCP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 and orexin-1 receptor were measured by real-time qPCR. We also evaluated the MMP-2, p38, phospho-p38, NF-κΒ/p65 as well as TIMP-1 protein levels by Western blot and ELISA, respectively. MMP-2 activity was measured by gelatin zymography. Short-term 6-h incubation of HAECs with orexin-A at a high concentration (400 ng/mL) decreased MCP-1, MMP-2 expression, MMP-2/TIMP-1 ratio (p < 0.05), and MMP-2 activity, while incubation for 24 h increased MCP-1, MMP-2 expression (p < 0.05), MMP-2/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) as well as MMP-2 activity. The dual effects of orexin-A are mediated, at least in part, via regulation of p38 and NF-κΒ pathway. Orexin-A may have an equivocal role in atherosclerosis process with its effects depending on the duration of exposure
Interfering resonances in a quantum billiard
We present a method for numerically obtaining the positions, widths and
wavefunctions of resonance states in a two dimensional billiard connected to a
waveguide. For a rectangular billiard, we study the dynamics of three resonance
poles lying separated from the other ones. As a function of increasing coupling
strength between the waveguide and the billiard two of the states become
trapped while the width of the third one continues to increase for all coupling
strengths. This behavior of the resonance poles is reflected in the time delay
function which can be studied experimentally.Comment: 2 pages, 3 figure
Analytic solution to N vs. M photon phase control in an open two-level system
Decoherence effects on the traditional N vs. M photon coherent control of a
two-level system are investigated, with 1 vs. 3 used as a specific example. The
problem reduces to that of a two-level system interacting with a single mode
field, but with an effective Rabi frequency that depends upon the fundamental
and third harmonic fields. The resultant analytic control solution is explored
for a variety of parameters, with emphasis on the dependence of control on the
relative phase of the lasers. The generalization to off-resonant cases is
noted.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, to be published in Chem. Phys. Let
Analytical modelling of stable isotope fractionation of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone
Analytical models were developed that simulate stable isotope ratios of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) near a point source contamination in the
unsaturated zone. The models describe diffusive transport of VOCs,
biodegradation and source ageing. The mass transport is governed by Fick's law
for diffusion, and the equation for reactive transport of VOCs in the soil gas
phase was solved for different source geometries and for different boundary
conditions. Model results were compared to experimental data from a
one-dimensional laboratory column and a radial-symmetric field experiment, and
the comparison yielded a satisfying agreement. The model results clearly
illustrate the significant isotope fractionation by gas-phase diffusion under
transient state conditions. This leads to an initial depletion of heavy
isotopes with increasing distance from the source. The isotope evolution of the
source is governed by the combined effects of isotope fractionation due to
vaporization, diffusion and biodegradation. The net effect can lead to an
enrichment or depletion of the heavy isotope in the remaining organic phase
depending on the compound and element considered. Finally, the isotope
evolution of molecules migrating away from the source and undergoing
degradation is governed by a combined degradation and diffusion isotope effect.
This suggests that in the unsaturated zone, the interpretation of
biodegradation based on isotope data must always be based on a model combining
gas-phase diffusion and degradation.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Phase transitions in open quantum systems
We consider the behaviour of open quantum systems in dependence on the
coupling to one decay channel by introducing the coupling parameter
being proportional to the average degree of overlapping. Under critical
conditions, a reorganization of the spectrum takes place which creates a
bifurcation of the time scales with respect to the lifetimes of the resonance
states. We derive analytically the conditions under which the reorganization
process can be understood as a second-order phase transition and illustrate our
results by numerical investigations. The conditions are fulfilled e.g. for a
picket fence with equal coupling of the states to the continuum. Energy
dependencies within the system are included. We consider also the generic case
of an unfolded Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble. In all these cases, the
reorganization of the spectrum occurs at the critical value of
the control parameter globally over the whole energy range of the spectrum. All
states act cooperatively.Comment: 28 pages, 22 Postscript figure
Emerging risks in recycling and waste: Perfluorinated compounds in plastic pellets and nanomaterials in contaminated soil
Ponencia presentada en la Final RISKCYCLE conference, titulada "Risk-Based Management of Chemicals and Products in a circular economy at a global scale",celebrada en Dresden (Alemania) el 8 y 8 de mayo de 2012.According to the European Parliament over 1.8 billion tonnes of waste
are generated each year in Europe (3.5 tonnes per person) and less
than a third of it is recycled.
United States produces approximately 200 million tons of garbage
each year, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.Peer reviewe
Resonance trapping and saturation of decay widths
Resonance trapping appears in open many-particle quantum systems at high
level density when the coupling to the continuum of decay channels reaches a
critical strength. Here a reorganization of the system takes place and a
separation of different time scales appears. We investigate it under the
influence of additional weakly coupled channels as well as by taking into
account the real part of the coupling term between system and continuum. We
observe a saturation of the mean width of the trapped states. Also the decay
rates saturate as a function of the coupling strength. The mechanism of the
saturation is studied in detail. In any case, the critical region of
reorganization is enlarged. When the transmission coefficients for the
different channels are different, the width distribution is broadened as
compared to a chi_K^2 distribution where K is the number of channels. Resonance
trapping takes place before the broad state overlaps regions beyond the
extension of the spectrum of the closed system.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev.
Microplastics are not important for the cycling and bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in the oceans – but should microplastics be considered POPs themselves?
The role of microplastic particles in the cycling and bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is discussed. Five common concepts, sometimes misconceptions, about the role of microplastics are reviewed. While there is ample evidence that microplastics accumulate high concentrations of POPs, this does not result in microplastics being important for the global dispersion of POPs. Similarly, there is scant evidence that microplastics are an important transfer vector of POPs into animals, but possibly for plastic additives (flame retardants). Last, listing microplastics as POPs could help reduce their environmental impact
Femtosecond induced transparency and absorption in the extreme ultraviolet by coherent coupling of the He 2s2p (1P0) and 2p2 (1Se) double excitation states with 800 nm light
Femtosecond high-order harmonic transient absorption spectroscopy is used to
observe electromagnetically induced transparency-like behavior as well as
induced absorption in the extreme ultraviolet by laser dressing of the He 2s2p
(1Po) and 2p2 (1Se) double excitation states with an intense 800 nm field.
Probing in the vicinity of the 1s2 \to 2s2p transition at 60.15 eV reveals the
formation of an Autler-Townes doublet due to coherent coupling of the double
excitation states. Qualitative agreement with the experimental spectra is
obtained only when optical field ionization of both double excitation states
into the N = 2 continuum is included in the theoretical model. Because the Fano
q-parameter of the unperturbed probe transition is finite, the laser-dressed He
atom exhibits both enhanced transparency and absorption at negative and
positive probe energy detunings, respectively.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure
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