Development and characterization of HBsAg-loaded Eudragit nanoparticles for effective colonic immunization

<p>The present study was undertaken with an aim to investigate the potential of targeting colonic mucosa following oral vaccine delivery to generate prophylactic humoral and mucosal immune response. In present study, response surface methodology (RSM) using the central composite design (CCD) was applied for optimization of process and composition to get uniform, stable reproducible eudragit nanoparticles suitable for targeting to colon. The optimized formulation had the composition of 173 μg HBsAg, 250 mg polymers concentration (4:1 combination of Eudragit S-100 and L-100) and 2% w/v Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) along with adjuvant Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Mean particle size of optimized nanoparticles was found to be 730.4 nm, entrapment efficiency (58.38%) and polydispersity index of 0.185. Fluorescent spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and antigen integrity by SDS-PAGE established that antigen structure was preserved during and after formulation development. <i>In-vitro</i> release studies in different intestinal pH concluded antigen release at mild alkaline conditions. Real time fluorescence animal imaging confirmed the effective absorption and distribution of NPs at colon resulted in improved immune response. Present study concludes that Eudragit nanoparticles offers strong potential in colon targeting of vaccines through oral immunization.</p

Exploring the potential of phytochemicals and nanomaterial: A boon to antimicrobial treatment

Controlling microorganism outbreaks is a critical challenge in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. In addition, an increase in drug-resistant bacterial strains came from cross-contamination and medication overuse, making the problem much more difficult to control. One of the most humongous obstacles to the efficient treatment of a wide range of common infections is antimicrobial resistance (AML-R). Currently, antibiotics are being used hugely to treat such infectious conditions. However, because of their synthetic nature, the development of resistance to them when used over a long period of time or in low doses prompts us to seek alternative treatments. Phytoactives or bioactives from plant sources are the natural solutions to these conditions, as Mother Nature has already provided the answer to every ailment that mankind has faced. The most effective therapies for AML-R have been derived from natural Phytoactives. Because of the abundance of biologically active molecules found in nature, it is by far the best alternative to treat any infections. However, the bioavailability, pharmacokinetic characteristics, low solubility, poor gastrointestinal absorption, low hydrophilicity, and delayed intrinsic dissolution are the major physicochemical barriers that hinder the utilization of these natural actives as AML treatments. These problems can be overcome through the application of novel drug-delivery technologies. This review provides a comprehensive study of AML Phytoactives-based drug delivery, leveraging the potential of nanotechnology to address and overcome the delivery problems associated with them, resulting in a successful approach toward antimicrobial therapy

In-depth analysis of the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, and patent history of mangiferin

Introduction: Mangiferin (2-D-glucopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one) is extracted from different part of plants such seed, peel, and kernels of mango. Methods: In many studies mangiferin was studied for its antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and hypocholesterolaemia activity. It mainly works by altering the transcription process which further led to inhibition of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor. By preventing the expression of tumor necrosis factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase potential, proliferation, and apoptosis, mangiferin defends against a variety of human malignancies, such as breast, lung, brain, and colon tumours. It could defend against physiological hazards by preventing lipid peroxidation. Results: The present review focuses on an updated account of investigation related to mangiferin's chemo preventive activity, apoptosis induction in cancer cells, potential antioxidative activities, and patent mapping of additional therapeutic aspects. This review also highlights the different molecular targets of Mangiferin, as well as its potential as a polyphenol. Conclusion: From the finding of this review, it was concluded that Mangiferin has versatile pharmacological properties could serves as economic, safe and potential ailment in the treatment of diseases as well as dietary supplements