A new chromosomal race (2n=44) of Nannospalax xanthodon from Turkey (Mammalia: Rodentia)

This study was supported by Omer Halisdemir University (FEB2011/35, FEB2013/01)A new karyotype for blind mole rats was recorded in Tunceli province in Eastern Turkey. The karyotype contained 44 chromosomes, including 13 biarmed pairs, 7 acrocentric pairs, and one heteromorphic pair with a submetacentric and an acrocentric homologue in the autosomal complement (FNa=69). The X chromosome was submetacentric and the Y chromosome medium-sized subtelocentric (FN=73). Distinct dark centromeric C-bands were observed on most of the biarmed and three pairs of the acrocentric autosomes. The NORs were detected on short arms of three subtelocentric pairs and one acrocentric pair of autosomes. The diploid number of chromosomes and the karyotype characteristics observed are obviously unique among hitherto studied populations of blind mole rats and the complement can be evaluated as a new chromosome race of Nannospalax xanthodon. The distribution ranges of individual chromosome races of the species recorded in Eastern Anatolia are revised and possible interracial hybridization is discussed in respect of the finding of a new race

Variation in the Conventional and Banded Karyotypes among Populations of Arvicola amphibius (L., 1758) (Mammalia: Rodentia) from Turkey

Chromosomal characteristics of water voles (Arvicola amphibius) were studied in ten populations including 33 samples from Anatolia, Turkey. The C-banding pattern and NORs distribution were analysed in four samples from Eastern Anatolia. The conventionally stained karyotypes showed the standard complement of the species (2n = 36, NFa = 60-62, NF = 64-66). Variation in the number of autosomal arms originated from the alternative presence of a subtelocentric or an acrocentric autosomal pair. C-banding provided further support for differentiation of the amount and distribution of C-heterochromatin between populations from Central Europe and Asia Minor. Chromosomal variation among Turkish populations was manifested by the number of autosomal arms, positive C-bands and NOR-carrying autosomes

Nuclear and organelle genes based phylogeny of dryomys (glirıidae, rodentıa, mammalıa) from Turkey

Molecular phylogeny, phylogeography and genetic structure of the genus Dryomys Thomas, 1906 from Turkey were identified by using partial sequences of beta-fibrinogen intron 7 and mitochondrially encoded 12S ribosomal RNA genes and also combined data of two genes. Within Dryomys nitedula species, both, nuclear and mitochondrial genes coherently separated the Thrace lineage from the other lineages in Anatolia. Contrary to this, complex and incomprehensible phylogenies were recovered for Anatolian populations of this species. The analysis of the combined data of these two genes resolved mentioned complexity and incongruity and made phylogeny compatible with the results of past studies for the relative position of the Anatolian lineages. Thus, the presence of four different lineages (one in Thrace and three in Anatolia) within D. nitedula in the localities exemplified across Turkey was confirmed. Genetic differentiation (K2P distances) between the lineages were moderate at the level of intraspecific diversity. In addition to this, genetic distance (K2P = 5.5%) determined between D. nitedula and D. laniger conformed the distance suggested for the separate species of mammals. Evolutionary divergence time estimations demonstrated that the probable divergence between D. laniger and D. nitedula and among its detected lineages started in the border of Late Miocene and Pliocene (5.3 Mya) and lasted to the beginning of the Calabrian Stage of Pleistocene (1.8 Mya) in line with the previous results obtained from fossil and molecular data

The effects of hypoxia on zooplankton population estimates and migration in lakes

Many zooplankton species typically exhibit diel vertical migration (DVM), where zooplankton migrate from the hypolimnion to the epilimnion of lakes at night. Zooplankton exhibit this behavior to avoid visual predators and UV radiation by remaining in the bottom waters during the day and ascending to the surface waters to feed on phytoplankton at night. However, hypoxic conditions in the hypolimnion of lakes mayinterfere with DVM and force zooplankton to increase diel horizontal migration (DHM) to find predation refuge in littoral zones. Climate change and eutrophication are expected to increase the prevalence and severity of hypoxic conditions worldwide and thereby possibly alter zooplankton migration patterns. We hypothesize that hypoxia will force zooplankton to shift their migration patterns from predominantly DVM to DHM to avoid oxygen-depleted bottom waters. To test our hypothesis, we are conducting a standardized global sampling program to test whether pelagic, full water column estimates of zooplankton are greater at night versus the day under hypolimnetic hypoxic versus oxic conditions. Participants are aiming to sample at least one lake with an oxic hypolimnion and one lake with a hypoxic hypolimnion during the thermally-stratified period at midday and midnight. With our global dataset (currently expecting about 60 lakes in 22 countries), our goal is to improve our understanding of how global change may alter zooplankton migration behavior and patterns in lakes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Slaughter weight rather than sex affects carcass cuts and tissue composition of Bisaro pigs

Carcass cuts and tissue composition were assessed in Bisaro pigs (n=64) from two sexes (31 gilts and 33 entire males) reared until three target slaughter body-weights (BW) means: 17 kg, 32 kg, and 79 kg. Dressing percentage and backfat thickness increased whereas carcass shrinkage decreased with increasing BW. Slaughter weight affected most of the carcass cut proportions, except shoulder and thoracic regions. Bone proportion decreased linearly with increasing slaughter BW, while intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots increased concomitantly. Slaughter weight increased the subcutaneous adipose tissue proportion but this impaired intramuscular and intermuscular adipose tissues in the loin primal. The sex of the pigs minimally affected the carcass composition, as only the belly weight and the subcutaneous adipose tissue proportions were greater in gilts than in entire males. Light pigs regardless of sex are recommended to balance the trade-offs between carcass cuts and their non-edible compositional outcomes.Work included in the Portuguese PRODER research Project BISOPORC – Pork extensive production of Bísara breed, in two alternative systems: fattening on concentrate vs chesnut, Project PRODER SI I&DT Medida 4.1 “Cooperação para a Inovação”. The authors are grateful to Laboratory of Carcass and Meat Quality of Agriculture School of Polytechnic Institute of Bragança ‘Cantinho do Alfredo’. The authors are members of the MARCARNE network, funded by CYTED (ref. 116RT0503).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Chromosomal evolution and phylogeography of the Anatolian mole rats

Körfare; Doğu Akdeniz, Türkiye, Doğu Avrupa, Batı Asya ve Kuzey Doğu Afrika'da yaygın olarak dağılım gösteren toprak altı yaşama çok iyi uyum sağlamış bir kemiricidir. Toprak altı yaşayan Spalacidae familyası büyük olasılıkla Anadolu ya da Balkanlar'da Muridae - Cricetidae stoğundan Erken Miyosen ya da Geç Oligosen zamanında türemiştir. Robertsonian kromozom yeniden düzenlemeleri körfarelerde diploit kromozom sayısının değişiminde önemli bir mekanizmadır. Anadolu ve İsrail körfarelerinde diploit kromozom sayısı ve genetik çeşitlilik ile kuraklık stresi pozitif ilişki gösterir. Körfarelerin evrimine geçmişte gerçekleşen iklimsel dalgalanmalar ve tektonik olaylar yön vermiştir.The blind mole rat which is widely distributed across the Eastern Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Eastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northeastern Africa, is a rodent that is highly adapted to living underground. The subterranean Spalacidae probably originated from a muroid-cricetoid stock in Anatolia or Balkans in Early Miocene or Late Oligocene times. The Robertsonian rearrangements are the relevant mechanism of the change in the diploid number of chromosomes in blind mole rats. Diploid chromosome numbers (2n) and the genetic heterozygosity are positively correlated with aridity stress in Anatolian and Israeli mole rats. The evolution of blind mole rats was driven by climate oscillations and tectonic changes in the past

The Productıon Of Electrıcal Energy From Gas Engıne Waste Heat Used In The Munıcıpal Landfıll Area

Günümüzde temel enerji kaynakları ömürlerinin belirlenmesiyle enerji tasarrufu tüm ülkelerin ortak hedefi olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Yenilenebilir enerji üzerinde yoğunlaşan yönetimler bu yönde teşviklerle çalışmalarını sürdürmektedirler. Bu çalışmada kentsel atıklardan enerji üretim teknolojileri değerlendirilmiş ve Malatya ilinde kurulu bulunan çöp depolama sahasından üretilen çöp gazı ile çalışan bir gaz motor tesisi ele alınmıştır. Sistemin kurulu gücü 2x1,2 MWel olarak tasarlanmış ve çalışmaktadır. Elektrik üretiminde kullanılan mevcut gaz motorlarının egzozundan atılmakta olan yanma ürünlerinin taşıdığı duyulur enerjinin geri kazanımı üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Yapılan teorik tasarım ile gaz motorunun atık ısılarından atık ısı kazanı, buhar türbini, jeneratör yardımıyla sistemin verimi arttırılması ve ek elektrik enerjisi üretimi incelenmiştir. Motor egzoz gazı giriş/çıkış sıcaklığı 446 °C/107 °C olarak hesaplanmış ve toplam 3242 kW termal kayıp enerjinin bir bölümünün geri kazanılabileceği anlaşılmıştır. Atık ısı kazanında 370°C'de 35 bar basınçta 1154 kg-buhar/saat kızgın buhar üretilebileceği hesaplar sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma ile türbinde iş yapan buhardan 403,06 kW elektrik enerjisi üretilebileceği ve sistemin çöp gazının ısı enerjisinden elde edilen elektrik verimi %41,6'dan %48,6'a çıkarılabileceği anlaşılmıştır.Nowadays, energy saving emerges as the common goal of all countries by determining the life of the basic energy resources. Authorities that focus on renewable energy continue their studies by providing incentives in this direction. In this study, energy generation technologies from urban waste were evaluated and a gas engine plant working with the landfill gas generated from landfill which was founded in Malatya city was discussed. The installed capacity of the system is designed to be 2x1.2 MWel and the system is working. Recycling of the energy which is carried by the combustion products that are discharged from the existing gas engine exhaust system that is used for generating electricity has been studied in this paper. Running waste heat boiler, steam turbine, increasing the efficiency of the system with the help of the generator and additional electricity generation are also examined with the theoretical design. Inlet/outlet temperature of engine exhaust gas is calculated to be 446 °C / 107 °C and it is understood that some part of 3242 kW thermal energy loss is recyclable. At 370 °C and at 35 bar pressure, 1154 kg-steam/hour of superheated steam is produced in the waste heat boiler. With this study, it is understood that 403.06 kW electrical energy can be produced from the steam which is working in the turbine and electrical efficiency that is derived from landfill gas thermal energy can be increased from 41.6 % to 48.6 %

Allozyme variations in Anatolian populations and cytotypes of the blind mole rats (Nannospalax)

WOS: 000353753500019Enzymatic proteins encoded by 28 putative loci in 326 samples of 12 mol rat cytotypes collected from 97 localities in Anatolia were investigated by standard horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. A total of 61 alleles were determined for 28 isozyme loci and 23 of the 28 were polymorphic. Eight of the 23 polymorphic loci were agreeable to the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. It was determined that deviations from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in the examined populations were due to a heterozygote deficiency. It was revealed by allozyme analyses that mole rat populations in Anatolia have formed 4 cytotypes groups, represented by 4 species (Nannospalax xanthodon, Nannospalax ehrenbergi, N. cilicicus, and N. nehringi). Cytotypes in western Anatolia (2n = 36, 2n = 38, 2n = 40, 2n = 52) showed private alleles in different enzyme systems; therefore, these cytotypes were genetically different, both from each other and other cytotypes. Although cytotypes in central Anatolia (2n = 52S, 2n = 56, 2n = 58, and 2n = 60) contained a different diploid chromosome number, they showed identical patterns in terms of their allele content in the 28 enzymatic loci. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved