A prospective observational study and survival pattern of organo phosphorous poisoning patients with intensive care treatment in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OP’s), used in insecticides, medications and nerve agents. It occurs mostly during suicide attempts in the farming areas, developing world and less by accident. The study is to evaluate the drugs used, respiratory conditions, complications occurred during course of treatment.Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted for 9 months in a tertiary care hospital. The study was conducted in a 500 bedded tertiary care hospital in an intensive care unit. The study was conducted for nine months (September 2016 - May 2017).Results: A total of 234 patients who had consumed OPP with known and unknown agents were admitted in the emergency department. Out of which 180 males and 54 females.Conclusions: This study concluded that the patients consumed poison is mainly due to mental disturbances and financial problems. The stress and burden on the life will shows the effect after consumption, the maximum people suffer with respiratory problems due to poison consumption. If the government should take the measures to avoid consumption of poison and availability of poison to the public may overcome the complications and reduce the deaths due to poison

Effect of a novel coronavirus in human and its clinical diagnosis and implications by students of community pharmacy

Coronavirus are coming under a broad family of virus that can cause respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, according to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). They are usual in many different species of animals, including camels and bats. Unusually, these corona viruses can evolve and infect humans and then spread between humans. Recent examples of this include SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. 2019 Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) is a virus identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. In some cases, the viruses can cause lower-respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. In human corona viruses are currently classified into seven types that are HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, HKU1, MERS-CoV and 2019-nCoV. These two types of corona virus (MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV) are more dangerous. Some of corona viruses like HCoV-229E, HCo-OC43, HCoNL63 and HKU1 that are continuously circulate in the population of human and cause respiratory infections in human either may children and adults world-wide. They are generally transmitted between animals and humans through sneezing, coughing, touching or shaking hands and making contact with a surface or object. The symptoms of corona virus are sneezing, cough, fatigue, runny nose, sore throat, breathing difficulty and exacerbated. In more severe cases SARS, kidney failure, pneumonia and even death. Diagnosis can be carried out by healthcare provider in laboratory test on respiratory specimens and serum to detect human corona virus. For this virus no specific treatment like vaccines and antiviral drugs but symptoms can be treated

Safe approaches for camptothecin delivery: Structural analogues and nanomedicines

[EN] Twenty-(S)-camptothecin is a strongly cytotoxic molecule with excellent antitumor activity over a wide spectrum of human cancers. However, the direct formulation is limited by its poor water solubility, low plasmatic stability and severe toxicity, which currently limits its clinical use. As a consequence, two strategies have been developed in order to achieve safe and efficient delivery of camptothecin to target cells: structural analogues and nanomedicines. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the design, synthesis and development of camptothecin molecular derivatives and supramolecular vehicles, following a systematic classification according to structure-activity relationships (structural analogues) or chemical nature (nanomedicines). A series of organic, inorganic and hybrid materials are presented as nanoplatforms to overcome camptothecin restrictions in administration, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Nanocarriers which respond to a variety of stimuli endogenously (e.g., pH, redox potential, enzyme activity) or exogenously (e.g., magnetic field, light, temperature, ultrasound) seem the best positioned therapeutic materials for optimal spatial and temporal control over drug release. The main goal of this review is to be used as a source of relevant literature for others interested in the field of camptothecin-based therapeutics. To this end, final remarks on the most important formulations currently under clinical trial are provided. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (projects MAT2012-39290-C02-02 and SEV-2012-0267) is gratefully acknowledged. Dr. E.M. Rivero thanks the Cursol Foundation for a post-doctoral scholarship.Botella Asuncion, P.; Rivero-Buceta, EM. (2017). Safe approaches for camptothecin delivery: Structural analogues and nanomedicines. Journal of Controlled Release. 247:28-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.023S285424

Improving drug retention in liposomes by aging with the aid of glucose.

This paper describes a novel method to improve drug retention in liposomes for the poorly water-soluble (lipophilic) model drug asulacrine (ASL). ASL was loaded in the aqueous phase of liposomes and the effects of aging conditions and drug loading levels on drug retention were investigated using an in vitro bio-relevant drug release test established in this study. The status of intra-liposomal drug was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Pharmacokinetics and venous tolerance of the formulations were simultaneously studied in rabbits following one-hour intravenous infusion via the ear vein. The presence of glucose during aging was found to be crucial to accelerate drug precipitation and to stabilize the liposomal membrane with high drug loading (8.9% over 4.5% w/w) as a prerequisite. Although no drug crystals were detected, DSC showed a lower phase-transition peak in the glucose-assisted aged ASL-liposomes, indicating interaction of phospholipids with the sugar. Cryo-TEM revealed more ‘coffee bean’ like drug precipitate in the ASL-liposomes aged in the glucose solution. In rabbits, these liposomes gave rise to a 1.9 times longer half-life than the fresh liposomes, with no venous irritation observed. Inducing and stabilizing drug precipitation in the liposome cores by aging in the presence of sugar provided an easy approach to improve drug retention in liposomes. The study also highlighted the importance of bio-relevance of in vitro release methods to predict in vivo drug release