Wittgenstein and Haydn on Understanding Music

Wittgenstein\u27s remarks about music have motivated philosophers to build a comprehensive picture of his philosophy of music, concentrating on the central issues of musical meaning. It is often claimed that, according to Wittgenstein, understanding music consist in grasping the internal relationships between musical events. Musical practice, however, is naturally saturated with what philosophers often call extra-musical meanings. The present study, by considering a musical issue in Haydn\u27s instrumental music, attempts to show that musical language games in the Wittgensteinian sense involve explanations of music that enhance the listener\u27s ability to understand music by broadening his musical competence. Nevertheless, constituting understanding of music, these explanations might use professional musical terms as well as non-musical terms, comparisons, gestures and so on. Thus, though music does not goes beyond itself in the sense of being understood through correlations between purely musical concepts and extra-musical contents, it does go beyond itself in musical practice, which involves understanding music through explanations and descriptions of music using various kinds of terms and images

PAPER–BASED ZnO, ZnO:SnO2 AND SnO2 ULTRAVIOLET SENSORS

Three photoelectrical devices ZnO, ZnO:SnO2 and SnO2 are made on common pencil drawn circuit over a regular paper as substrate. These three sensors are well capable of detecting UV light and demonstrate features comparable to those of made with complex and expensive techniques. The responses of these sensors are different to the two UV spectra which are used as light sources. Explanation of sensors responses relates samples energy gap values with the UV wavelengths energies and intensities of the two applied UV spectra. Also the role of oxygen adsorption on the variations of samples resistances is discussed. Measurements comparing properties of the three sensors show better performance for ZnO sensor than the two other sensors; but with longer rise and fall times

Sedimentary stylolite networks and connectivity in Limestone: Large-scale field observations and implications for structure evolution

International audienceStylolites are rough surfaces, formed by localized rock dissolution, and prevalent in carbonates and other sedimentary rocks. Their impact on porosity and permeability, and capacity to accommodate compactive strain, are well documented. This paper presents a meso-scale field study on sedimentary stylolites in carbonates, characterizing large-scale distributions of stylolites, including measurements conducted on longer than kilometer-long stylolites. Our field study suggests that on large-scales connections between stylolites become important. Since connectivity, and also lack of connectivity, are expected to play a significant role in strain accommodation and hydraulic rock properties, we suggest that large-scale analysis may require a new characterization scheme for "stylolites populations", based on their connectivity. We therefore divide sedimentary stylolite populations into three end-member types, which are correlated with the three possibilities for percolation of such systems: isolated stylolites (with zero percolation/connectivity), long-parallel stylolites (with 2-dimensional percolation/connectivity), and interconnected stylolite networks (with 3-dimensional percolation/connectivity). New statistical parameters and measures are devised and used to quantitatively characterize the different population types. Schematic mechanistic models are then offered to explain the evolution of the three end-member connectivity-classes. In addition we discuss the effect on fluid flow of the different population types

Drug trafficking, use, and HIV risk: The need for comprehensive interventions

The rapid increase in communication and transportation between Africa and other continents as well as the erosion of social fabric attended by poverty, ethnic conflicts, and civil wars has led to increased trafficking and consumption of illicit drugs. Cannabis dominates illicit trade and accounts for as much as 40% of global interdiction. Due to escalating seizures in recent years, the illicit trade in heroin and cocaine has become a concern that has quickly spread from West Africa to include Eastern and Southern Africa in the past 10 years. All regions of Africa are characterized by the use of cannabis, reflecting its entrenched status all over Africa. Most alarming though is the use of heroin, which is now being injected frequently and threatens to reverse the gain made in the prevention of HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of HIV infection and other blood-bornediseases among injection drug users is five to six times that among the general population, calling for urgent intervention among this group. Programs that aim to reduce the drug trafficking in Africa and needle syringe programs as well as medication-assisted treatment (MAT) of heroin dependence while still in their infancy in Africa show promise and need tobe scaled up

Synthetic cells synthesize therapeutic proteins inside tumors

The existing dogma is that protein medicines need to be produced in large factories, and then injected to the patient. We propose that miniature artificial inert factories can be injected to the patient, to produce a protein of interest directly in the diseased tissue. We engineered artificial cell-like particles with an autonomous capacity to synthesize protein drugs after receiving an external signal. The protein is tuned to the patient\u27s needs based on a predetermined DNA code we incorporate inside the particles. This approach increases treatment efficiency and reduces adverse effects to healthy tissues. We developed a new T7-S30 based cell-free protein synthesis system, which contains all the transcription and translation machines and molecules required for protein production (Krinsky et al., PloS one 2016). This system was used to prepare liposomes that act as artificial cells, capable of producing proteins autonomously in response to a physical trigger. Functional enzymes (luciferase and tyrosinase) and fluorescent proteins (GFP) were successfully produced using the new cell-free protein synthesis system and inside the particles both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we demonstrated the therapeutic capabilities of the protein producing particles by producing Pseudomonas exotoxin A, an extremely potent protein, for treating cancer. Applying the particles on 4T1 cells (a triple-negative breast cancer cell-line) in vitro or injecting them into a 4T1-induced tumor in vivo, resulted in high cytotoxicity due to the effective production of the therapeutic protein inside the vesicles (Krinsky et al. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2017). Synthetic cells serve as autonomous, trigger-able, artificial particles that produces a variety of proteins. This platform has promise to address a wide range of fundamental questions associated with protein synthesis in nature, as well as applicative protein delivery needs. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Selection of Best House Construction Materials for Roofs and Walls Regarding Cost, Weight, thermal Insulation and Mechanical Properties

Research includes the study of the effect of using different local and low cost construction materials in thecreation of traditional buildings and the effect of using these materials in terms of cost, loads over the soil,and the thermal insulation.The research plan on the construct of three rooms has (4 × 5) m dimensions and a 3 m height from differentmaterials. And adopt its findings on the reality of the buildings in Iraq. It has been concluding that the costsof stiroboor and thermiston slab were less than the cost of a rigid slab by 43.4% and 21.3% respectively.And the weight of stiroboor and thermiston slabs were less than weight of rigid slab by 33.8% and 6.6%,respectively, and the deflection of stiroboor and thermiston slabs were higher than sold slab by 20% and0.5% respectively.The thermal conductivity coefficient, and conductance of stiroboor and thermiston slab was less than therigid slab by 41% and 20.5% respectively, and that the thermal conductivity coefficient, and conductanceof brick and thermiston walls were less than the hollow concrete block walls by 25% and 66.7%,respectively. The thermal resistances of stiroboor and thermiston slab were higher than the sold slab by41% and 20.5%, and that the coefficient of thermal resistance of the brick and thermiston walls was higherthan hollow concrete block walls by 25% and 66.7%.The energy that needed for stiroboor slab and brick walls room during the day and night were lower by35.1% and 11.4%, respectively, and for thermiston room by 64% and 54.1%, respectively, compared to therigid slab and hollow concrete walls room

Current use of smokeless tobacco among adolescents in the Republic of Congo

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Tobacco use is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Much of the epidemiologic research on tobacco focuses on smoking, especially cigarette smoking, but little attention on smokeless tobacco (SLT).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using data from the Republic of Congo Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) of 2006, we estimated the prevalence of SLT use among in-school adolescents. We also assessed the association between SLT use and cigarette smoking as well as the traditional factors which are associated with cigarette smoking among adolescents (e.g. age, sex, parental or peer smoking). Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) together with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to measure magnitudes of associations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 3,034 respondents, 18.0% (18.0% males and 18.1% females) reported having used smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, sniff or dip) in the last 30 days. In multivariate analysis, no significant associations were observed between age and sex on one hand and current smokeless tobacco use on the other. Cigarette smokers were more than six times likely to report current use of smokeless tobacco (AOR = 6.65; 95% CI [4.84, 9.14]). Having parents or friends smokers was positively associated with using smokeless tobacco (AOR = 1.98; 95% CI [1.51, 2.59] for parents who smoked cigarettes, AOR = 1.82; 95% CI [1.41, 2.69] for some friends who smoked cigarettes, and AOR = 2.02; 95% CI [1.49, 2.47] for most or all friends who smoked cigarettes). Respondents who reported have seen tobacco advertisement on TV, billboards and in newspapers/magazines were 1.95 times more likely to report current use of smokeless tobacco (AOR = 1.95; 95% CI [1.34, 3.08]). Perception that smoking was harmful to health was negatively associated with current use of smokeless tobacco (AOR = 0.60; 95% CI [0.46, 0.78]).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Prevention programs aimed to reduce teen [cigarette] smoking must also be designed to reduce other forms of tobacco use. The teenagers environment at home, at school and at leisure must also be factored in order to prevent their uptake or maintenance of tobacco use.</p

Smokeless tobacco use: pattern of use, knowledge and perceptions among rural Bangladeshi adolescents

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the practice and pattern of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use as well as the knowledge and perception about its ill effects among rural Bangladeshi adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among students aged 13–18 years in two rural secondary schools in Bangladesh in August 2015. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire which consists of topics derived from the Social Cognitive Theory and Health Belief Model (personal characteristics, environmental factors, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and cues to action). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. A descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the current pattern of SLT use and knowledge about its ill effects. A chi-square test and Fisher exact test were conducted to explore associations between variables. Lastly, a logistic regression model was used to locate the predictors for current SLT use. Results: A total of 790 students participated in the study. Among them, 9.5% (75) had used SLT at least once and 3.7% (29) were current SLT users. Males had a higher incidence of SLT use compared with females. The majority of students (77.3%) initiated SLT use between 10–13 years of age. ‘Zarda’ was the most common type of SLT used and most of the current users (86%) were able to buy SLT without age restrictions. Most of the current users (90%) wanted to quit SLT immediately; however, professional help was not available in schools. Overall, students had a good knowledge about the harmful effects of SLT with 54.8% (428) of respondents scoring in the good knowledge category. However, the majority of never SLT users (55.4%; 396) had a good knowledge compared to ever SLT users (42.7%; 32). Significant predictors of current SLT use included being a student aged 14 years and above (OR = 6.58, 95% CI [2.23–28.31]) as well as the variables of self-efficacy (OR = 5.78, 95% CI [1.46–19.65]), perceived barriers (OR = 0.30, 95% CI [0.10–0.74]), perceived benefit (OR = 0.21, 95% CI [0.05–1.03]) and perceived severity (OR = 0.36, 95% CI [0.16–0.91]). Discussion: This study demonstrates the need for comprehensive prevention and control programme in rural schools targeting young adolescents. Effective measure should be taken to reshape the attitude of rural adolescents towards self-confidence and competence, as to prevent SLT use

UJI DAYA HAMBAT MINYAK SEREH WANGI (Citronella oil) TERHADAP Candida albicans

xi, 56 hl

Interactions entre déformations sismiques et asismiques, séismes et fluides dans les zones de faille. Application à la faille Nord Anatolienne (Turquie

Aseismic fault creep in the upper crust is a key deformation process along tectonic plate boundaries. It contributes to the energy budget during the seismic cycle, delaying or triggering the occurrence of large earthquakes. One of the greatest challenges is to understand which parameters control the partition between seismic and aseismic deformation in active faults, such as lithology or stress-driven transformations at all scales and how this partition evolves with time. Geological observations along the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey combined with laboratory analyses and imaging techniques performed in the present study shed new light on these mechanisms of fault creep. Moreover, the relationship between finite strain and mass change was compared with geodesy data in order to understand the evolution of these creep mechanisms since the beginning of this fault displacement.A clear correlation is shown between shallow creep and near-surface fault gouge composition: seismic segments of the fault are mostly composed of massive limestone without clay gouges, whereas aseismic creeping segments comprising clay gouges result from a progressive change of volcanic rocks. Within these creeping zones, anastomosing cleavage develops during the first stage of deformation, leading to tectonic layering that forms a foliation, oblique at first and then sub-parallel to the fault. This foliation accommodates part of the aseismic creep by pressure solution. Consequently, the soluble minerals such as quartz and feldspars are dissolved, leading to the passive concentration of phyllosilicates in the gouges where alteration transformations by fluid flow produce low friction clay minerals. At the same time damage zones are fractured and fractures are sealed by carbonates. As a result, these mineralogical and structural transformations weaken the gouge and strengthen the damage zone leading to the change from diffuse to localized seismic-aseismic zones.Models integrating finite strain and mass change reveal two spatial scales of strain that correspond to the alternation of two types of shear bands, with cleavages oriented either oblique or sub-parallel to the fault zone. Various total strain values were estimated in order to calculate the aseismic part of the total 80 km displacement along the locked and creeping sections. The aseismic strain fraction of the total tectonic strain in the fault depends on the fault lithology and varies from 0.002% in seismic zones made of limestone and evolves with time in the creeping zones made of volcanic rocks from 59% in the early stages of fault development to 18% in the recent times.Le fluage asismique des failles dans la croûte supérieure est un mécanisme de déformation crucial le long des limites des plaques tectoniques. Il contribue au bilan énergétique du cycle sismique, retardant ou déclenchant le développement des grands tremblements de terre. Un enjeu majeur est de comprendre quels sont les paramètres qui contrôlent la partition entre déformations sismiques et asismiques dans les failles actives tels que la lithologie ou les transformations sous contrainte à toutes échelles et comment cette partition évolue dans le temps. Des observations géologiques réalisées dans ce travail le long de la Faille Nord Anatolienne en Turquie, combinées à des analyses de laboratoire et des traitements d’images, permettent de donner un éclairage nouveau sur ces mécanismes de fluage. En plus, les relations entre déformation finie et transfert de matière ont été utilisées en parallèle avec des données géodésiques pour comprendre l’évolution de ces mécanismes de fluage depuis le début du déplacement de cette faille.Une corrélation claire est observée entre fluage superficiel et composition des gouges de la faille : les segments sismiques sont composés de calcaires massifs sans gouge de faille argileuse alors que les segments asismiques qui fluent comprennent des gouges argileuses résultant de la transformation progressive de roches volcaniques. Dans ces zones de fluage une schistosité espacée se développe durant le premier stade de la déformation conduisant à un litage tectonique de type foliation, au début oblique puis subparallèle à la faille, qui accommode une part de la déformation asismique par dissolution cristallisation sous contrainte. En conséquence, les minéraux solubles comme le quartz et les feldspaths sont dissous conduisant à la concentration passive des phyllosilicates dans les gouges de failles qui sont ensuite altérés par des circulations de fluides produisant des minéraux argileux à faible friction. Dans le même temps les zones endommagées autour de la gouge sont fracturées et les fractures scellées par des carbonates. Ces transformations minérales et structurales amollissent les gouges de failles et durcissent les zones endommagées conduisant à une évolution de la déformation sismique – asismique de diffuse à localisée.Des modèles qui intègrent déformation finie et transfert de matière révèlent deux échelles d’espace de la déformation qui correspondent à une alternance de deux types de bandes de cisaillement avec une schistosité soit oblique soit subparallèle à la faille. Diverses valeurs de la déformation finie ont été estimées pour calculer la proportion de déplacement asismique par rapport au déplacement total sismique et asismique de la faille (80 km). Cette proportion qui dépend de la lithologie de la zone de faille varie de 0.002% dans les zones sismiques calcaires et évolue dans le temps dans les zones asismiques des roches volcaniques de 59% pour les stades précoces à 18% pour les stages récents