Transformation d'une innovation institutionnelle : l'exemple des associations d'usagers des eaux agricoles dans le Moyen Sebou au Maroc

International audienceDans le cadre du débat international sur la gestion participative et le transfert de la gestion de l'eau d'irrigation, de multiples recherches, expertises et études de cas existent. Elles sont centrées sur des évaluations avant et après transfert de la gestion de l'irrigation aux agriculteurs, mettant en jeu principalement des indicateurs qualitatifs de performance et de rendement pour mesurer l'échec ou la réussite de ce transfert. Cet article adopte une autre forme d'analyse, il s'appuie sur l'étude de l'appropriation des associations de l'eau par les agriculteurs à travers l'exemple du Moyen Sebou, un périmètre géré depuis sa mise en eau par des Associations des usagers des eaux agricoles, mises en place par les pouvoirs publics sous la pression des bailleurs de fonds. L'adoption et la transformation des règles de fonctionnement créent une dynamique collective autour de l'aménagement et parfois autour d'autres organisations collectives que celles de l'eau d'irrigation

Composer avec l'État : voies d'engagement des jeunes diplômés dans l'agriculture au Maroc

Au Maroc, les transformations du milieu rural et le manque d'opportunités de travail en milieu urbain incitent de plus en plus de jeunes diplômés, partis en ville, à retourner dans leurs villages d'origine pour y tenter un ancrage socioprofessionnel. Par l'analyse des trajectoires individuelles de jeunes diplômés de la région de Séfrou, nous montrons dans cet article comment ils s'approchent de l'État pour négocier la mise en place de projets agricoles collectifs. Les parcours de ces jeunes révèlent les voies possibles de leur insertion dans une dynamique économique et territoriale locale. (Résumé d'auteur

The engagement of young people in irrigated agriculture in North Africa and Thailand: Diverse pathways which occasionally meet public policies

Young people's lack of engagement in agriculture is of increasing concern in many emerging economies. A series of studies investigated this engagement in irrigated areas in North Africa and Thailand. The research analysed young people's aspirations, the constraints they face in accessing the resources they need to formalize their engagement, the strategies they implement to overcome these constraints, and to what extent they receive support from public programmes. Many young people in North Africa and Thailand would like to get involved in agriculture and create their own pathways based on their aspirations and the resources available to them. However, the constraints they face limit their capacity to acquire the farms they would like to have, i.e. more innovative and more profitable than the farms managed by the previous generation. Their engagement in agriculture often takes place in informal settings. The majority of young people who overcome these constraints do so without or with limited public support. More effective support for the engagement of a new generation in agriculture will not only require increased investment, but will also need to better account for the diversity of profiles and aspirations of the younger generation. This will be facilitated by increased participation of young people in the design of support programmes

L'INNOVATION INSTITUTIONNELLE DIX ANS PLUS TARD : QUELLES OPPORTUNITES POUR LES AGRICULTEURS, ET QUELS APPRENTISSAGES POUR LES POUVOIRS PUBLICS ? LE CAS DES ASSOCIATIONS D'IRRIGANTS AU NORD DU MAROC

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceMorocco has attempted from the 1990s onwards to move towards Participative Management of Irrigation (PMI), promoting the involvement and empowerment of users in water management. This policy shift has led to the introduction of an institutional innovation: the Water Users Associations (WUA). This innovation is important in both the organizational and social change of the local population. The aim of this paper is to analyze how an institutional innovation initiated by public policy, has created a new institutional order, new dimensions of local governance, access, and collective organization around a resource that is the irrigation water. The analysis is based on two irrigation schemes. First, the Moyen Sebou scheme was delivered to farmers at the end of the project implementation ants is currently managed by AUEAs. Nevertheless, farmers took over the management of the AUEA and the Moyen Sebou has become a school for learning the model of Participative Management of Irrigation for the different stakeholders (public institutions, farmers, financial backer, and research institutions) for the past 10 years. On the other hand, the recently launched Sahla irrigation scheme was built by the same team that worked on the Moyen Sebou scheme. Being an adaptation of the same model, the Sahla scheme shows appropriation of the PMI model by public institutions

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

L'action publique à l'épreuve de la participation : Généalogie du projet d'irrigation du Moyen Sebou au Maroc

La thèse porte sur l'analyse de l'action publique dans le domaine de l'eau d'irrigation au Maroc. Nous analysons la rencontre entre un projet étatique d'aménagement, et un territoire rural au Maroc, à travers les configurations des acteurs et les enjeux locaux de ses composantes sociales et politiques. Comment le projet d'irrigation a-t-il permis d'accélérer une reconfiguration des rapports de pouvoirs et du leadership local, que nous avons analysé à travers les logiques des différents acteurs. Nous avons adopté un cadre analytique emprunté à la sociologie politique et basé sur l'analyse de l'action publique dans le domaine de l'irrigation. Ce cadre analytique nous a permis de mobiliser en parallèle deux modèles d'analyse : 1) le modèle synoptique pour l'analyse d'une action publique monopolisée par les acteurs publics, 2) celui des ajustements mutuels pour l'analyse d'une multitude d'acteurs dans une situation où l'Etat n'a plus le monopole de l'action publique. Nous avons fais le choix méthodologique d'analyser les acteurs en action, en privilégiant un travail empirique basé sur l'analyse des pratiques, et en décryptant une généalogie fine du projet d'irrigation du Moyen Sebou au Maroc. C'est une zone aménagée par les pouvoirs publics dans une perspective de gestion centralisée par l'administration agricole. Les négociations avec le bailleur de fonds, surgies lors du débat international sur la Gestion Participative en Irrigation, ont amené l'administration à confier la gestion de l'irrigation après aménagement à des agriculteurs organisés en associations.The subject of this thesis is the analysis of public action in the field of irrigation water in Morocco. We analyze the confrontation of a state-led irrigation project, and a rural territory in the North of Morocco, by looking at the configuration and interaction of actors and local issues of its social and political components. How did the irrigation project contribute to the acceleration of a reconfiguration of power relations and local leadership in the area? Our analysis examined this question through the logic of the different actors. We worked within an analytical framework borrowed from political sociology and based on the analysis of state action in the field of irrigation. This analytical framework allowed us to identify two parallel models of analysis: 1) the synoptic model for the analysis of public action monopolized by public actors, 2) the mutual adjustments for the analysis of a multitude of actors in a situation where the state no longer has the monopoly of public action. We have made the methodological choice of analyzing the actors in action, focusing on empirical work based on the analysis of practices, and by decrypting a fine genealogy of the Moyen Sebou scheme in Morocco. The area is managed by public authorities in the context of a state-centralized management of the agricultural administration. Negotiations with the financial donors, that took place during the international debate on ‘Participative Irrigation Management', led the public administration to entrust the management of irrigation to farmers who are active in associations

Leadership rural au Maroc, entre jeunes et notables

Actuellement, plusieurs politiques publiques marocaines promeuvent la création d’associations de développement et de coopératives où les jeunes leaders trouvent leurs place grâce à leur mobilisation dans l’action collective. En s’appuyant sur des recherches empiriques réalisées entre 2006 et 2014 dans le Moyen Sebou et dans la région d’El Hajeb au Nord du Maroc, nos résultats montrent que : i) les jeunes leaders sont maintenant fréquemment présents dans les associations et les coopératives ; ii) les jeunes leaders mobilisent des ressources nouvelles (techniques, managériales, linguistiques, etc.) qui sont différentes de celles des notables traditionnels (grande propriété, moyens financiers, etc.) ; iii) les jeunes n’arrivent pas à accéder à la commune rurale, parce que les ressources dont ils disposent ne sont pas en lien avec ce que les électeurs attendent d’un président de commune rurale. De ce fait, si la gestion de l’action collective est devenue un espace important pour les jeunes leaders, l’accès à la gestion de la commune rurale est encore réservé à des formes traditionnelles de leadership