Reactions of mental health professionals to the death of clients from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

This study examined the reactions of mental health professionals to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related bereavement. Ninety-six mental health professionals from across the United States (e.g., counselors, social workers, and psychologists) completed questionnaires concerning the loss of a client to AIDS. Measures included the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Satisfaction with Life Scale. There were no significant relations between client deaths (number and recency) and indices of grief, trauma, psychological distress, or satisfaction with life. Symptoms of distress did not increase with number of deaths or in relation to recency of a client\u27s death. Subsequent analyses revealed a significant relation between an avoidant response and many client deaths (11 to 500 deaths), and between recency of a client\u27s death (greater than four months) and a reported greater satisfaction with life. Participants reporting a traumatic stress response (high IES-R scores) showed significantly higher grief (past and present) scores and GSI score on the BSI. An “HIV/AIDS traumatic-grief syndrome†was posited for some mental health professionals who lose clients to AIDS. In addition, there were no significant differences between participants in therapy/support group to address their own grief and loss issues related to the death of clients to AIDS, and participants not involved in therapy across all measures. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the demographic characteristics, suicide, gender (females), age (younger participants), and sexual orientation (gay and lesbian) emerged as predictors of distress variables, while percentage of clients with HIV/AIDS (2% to 50%), number of deaths (less number), sexual orientation (heterosexuals) and academic degree (graduate training) were associated with a greater satisfaction with life. Supplemental analyses showed that participants with 75% to 100% of clients with HIV/AIDS, participants working at an AIDS Center or AIDS Project, and gay and lesbian participants were demographic characteristics associated with distress in response to AIDS-related bereavement. The results also showed that female participants scored significantly higher on the measure of Intrusive symptoms and male participants scored significantly higher of the measures of Interpersonal Sensitivity and Phobic Anxiety. Additionally, years worked with persons with HIV/AIDS (greater number of years) was associated with a greater satisfaction with life. The findings seem to identify mental health practitioners who may be at risk or susceptible for distress following the death of a client with AIDS

Advantages and disadvantages of Online Learning

This paper will talk all about advantages of Online Learning. Which Online learning (also known as electronic learning or e-learning) is the result of teaching delivered electronically using computer-based media. The material is frequently accessed via a network, including websites, the internet, intranets, CDs and DVDs. E-learning not only accesses information (eg, putting up web pages), but also helps learners with specific results (eg achieving goals). In addition to delivering e-learning teaching, it can monitor student performance and report student progress

Carotenoid stability in high total solid spray dried emulsions with gum Arabic layered interface and trehalose–WPI composites as wall materials

peer-reviewedThe present study investigated the ability of spray dried single layer (SL) and layer-by-layer (LBL) high total solid emulsions with carbohydrate (trehalose) and non-carbohydrate (WPI) solids to stabilize carotenoids upon storage at 35°C, 50°C, and 65°C. Carotenoid loss followed first order loss kinetics, and increased with increasing storage temperature. Rapid initial first order loss followed by a second, less rapid first order loss was observed. Storage of the systems above the Tg reduced carotenoid loss in the initial first order loss. The loss of carotenoids in LBL system was more temperature dependent initially but SL system was more temperature dependent in the second first order loss step. LBL system showed slower loss rate of carotenoids in the initial first order loss step and at 65°C in the second step. Carotenoid retention was significantly higher in LBL system upon storage at 65°C. Industrial relevanceAlthough layer-by-layer (LBL) technique has been known to produce emulsions with better stability towards environmental stresses, few have reported the application of LBL technique using systems with high total solids. The application of LBL technique on emulsion with high total solids and subsequent spray-drying of the emulsion in this manuscript will provide useful information to the food and pharmaceutical industries. The possibility to spray-dry such systems with high total solids producing high quality powders would be feasible to the industry as it greatly reduces production cost. The present study also reports on the carotenoid loss kinetics of dehydrated concentrated systems with carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate mixtures as wall materials and compares the ability of single layer (SL) and LBL systems in preventing the loss of the encapsulated carotenoids