Loanwords in Cilubà

The present study examines loanwords in Cilubà from both a phonological and a morphological point of view. Two large categories of loanwords can be distinguished: on the one hand those which are entirely integrated and on the other hand more recent loanwords which retain a large number of their original phonological features. On the phonological level, loanwords (1) introduce new phonemes such as [R] and [g], (2) increase the proportion of low tones, and (3) introduce new combinations of phonemes (e.g. in the sequence C1C2V, in which consonants C1 and C1 are respectively a nasal and a semivowel, loanwords allow the presence of any consonant). On the morphological level, one notices the appearance not only of forms whose plural is no longer predictable, but also of forms whose plural can be realized in different classes. This phenomenon has important implications in lexicography. As a matter of fact, it is no longer possible to mention in a Lubà dictionary only the singular form and let the reader infer the plural. For nouns the concept of "gender" must therefore be introduced. Gender is defined as a pair of classes whose left and right poles which generally represent the singular and the plural respectively, are chosen in relation to the syntactic concords for the different class affixes (nominal, pronominal, verbal and object prefixes; enclitics), the possessive and the demonstratives, and no longer only in relation to the nominal prefix. Thus, the gender of a noun appears to play a fundamental role in the macrostructure of a noun lemma. Finally, the study of the processes which are intuitively applied by the speakers to integrate foreign words will be a useful source of stimulation for the coinage of neologisms. Keywords: class; dictionary; loanword; gender; lexicography; lexicology; morphology; phonology; prefix

Problems facing students with physical disabilities in higher learning institutions in Tanzania

The main objective of the research was to examine problems facing students with physical disabilities in higher learning institutions in Tanzania. Its specific objectives included; (1) examinining infrastructural situations in higher learning institutions to determine whether they support students with physical disabilities to study and live comfortably or not, (2) examining academic, social and financial problems facing the physically disabled students as well as (5) assessing stakeholders’ views on means they consider appropriate to address problems that face the physically disabled students at higher learning institutions. The study employed quantitative and qualitative research methods in collecting and analyzing data. Documentary review was used to examine infrastructure situations in 5 higher learning institutions. Questionnaires and interviews were also used to collect data from 12 physically disabled students. These techniques were further used to collected data from 5 heads of institutions, 21 tutors/lectures, 40 parents as well as 82 students without disabilities. Findings revealed that, 75 percent of higher education institutions’ infrastructures were available but inadequate. Eight five percent (85%) of the infrastructure was accessible with difficult to students with physical disabilities whereby 35 percent and 25 percent of all infrastructure conditions were average and poor respectively. The study also found high inadequacy of teaching and learning materials as well as lack of special schemes, trained staff, funds and scholarship for students with physical disabilities. Hence it was recommended that government and other stakeholders should take special considerations and actions in order to accommodate students with physical disabilities in higher learning institutions

Report of the JRC’s Descriptor 2 workshop in support to the review of the Commission Decision 2010/477/EU concerning MSFD criteria for assessing Good Environmental Status for NIS

The MSFD workshop on non-indigenous species (NIS, MSFD D2), held in Ispra JRC (10th-11th of September 2015) aimed to provide clear proposals and conclusions on some of the outstanding issues identified in the D2 review manual (May 2015 consultation version: D2 review manual: https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/cd4bbd6a-454a-40db-b805-52fb195d4e56/COMDEC_Review_D2_V6.pdf) in the broader context of support to the review of Commission Decision 2010/477/EU. This report is complementing the Commission Decision 2010/477/EU review manual (JRC96884) and presents the result of the scientific and technical review concluding phase 1 of the review of the Commission Decision 2010/477/EU in relation to Descriptor 2. The review has been carried out by the EC JRC together with experts nominated by EU Member States, and has considered contributions from the GES Working Group in accordance with the roadmap set out in the MSFD implementation strategy (agreed on at the 11th CIS MSCG meeting). The main issues addressed and tackled in this workshop’s report are: - Proposed changes in D2 assessment criteria; - Indicators and methodological standards; - GES threshold values and reference points; - Way forward.JRC.H.1-Water Resource

Report of the JRC’s Descriptor 2 workshop in support to the review of the Commission Decision 2010/477/EU concerning MSFD criteria for assessing Good Environmental Status for NIS

The MSFD workshop on non-indigenous species (NIS, MSFD D2), held in Ispra JRC (10th-11th of September 2015) aimed to provide clear proposals and conclusions on some of the outstanding issues identified in the D2 review manual (May 2015 consultation version: D2 review manual: https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/cd4bbd6a-454a-40db-b805-52fb195d4e56/COMDEC_Review_D2_V6.pdf) in the broader context of support to the review of Commission Decision 2010/477/EU. This report is complementing the Commission Decision 2010/477/EU review manual (JRC96884) and presents the result of the scientific and technical review concluding phase 1 of the review of the Commission Decision 2010/477/EU in relation to Descriptor 2. The review has been carried out by the EC JRC together with experts nominated by EU Member States, and has considered contributions from the GES Working Group in accordance with the roadmap set out in the MSFD implementation strategy (agreed on at the 11th CIS MSCG meeting). The main issues addressed and tackled in this workshop’s report are: - Proposed changes in D2 assessment criteria; - Indicators and methodological standards; - GES threshold values and reference points; - Way forwar

Het Monitoring en Evaluatie Programma Zandwinning RWS LaMER 2007 en 2008 - 2012: overzicht, resultaten en evaluatie

Zandwinning en -transport kunnen potentieel leiden tot diverse effecten zoals verminderde productie van algen en schelpdieren door extra slib in de waterkolom en verstoring. Geschatte effecten van zandwinning volgens de MERren. Visuele verstoring van zeehonden en vogels: de dieren worden verstoord doordat ze de sleephopperzuiger zien en reageren door bv weg te vluchten en andere vormen van onrust wat kan resulteren in (tijdelijke) effecten op de conditie van het dier en zelfs voortplanting en populatiedynamica. Geluidverstoring van vissen, vogels en zeezoogdieren: geluid wordt geproduceerd tijdens het baggeren op de winlocatie en tijdens het varen, waarbij de geluidsbron zich verplaatst. Verstoringseffecten kunnen ook optreden door het geluid tijdens baggeren (zowel boven als onderwater). Dit heeft op hoofdlijnen het zelfde effect als visuele verstoring maar via een andere effectroute

Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase protects against aggregation-prone proteins via autophagy

A major function of proteasomes and macroautophagy is to eliminate misfolded potentially toxic proteins. Mammalian proteasomes, however, cannot cleave polyglutamine (polyQ) sequences and seem to release polyQ-rich peptides. Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA) is the only cytosolic enzyme able to digest polyQ sequences. We tested whether PSA can protect against accumulation of polyQ fragments. In cultured cells, Drosophila and mouse muscles, PSA inhibition or knockdown increased aggregate content and toxicity of polyQ-expanded huntingtin exon 1. Conversely, PSA overexpression decreased aggregate content and toxicity. PSA inhibition also increased the levels of polyQ-expanded ataxin-3 as well as mutant α-synuclein and superoxide dismutase 1. These protective effects result from an unexpected ability of PSA to enhance macroautophagy. PSA overexpression increased, and PSA knockdown or inhibition reduced microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) levels and the amount of protein degradation sensitive to inhibitors of lysosomal function and autophagy. Thus, by promoting autophagic protein clearance, PSA helps protect against accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins and proteotoxicity