3,577 research outputs found
Demonstration of a beam loaded nanocoulomb-class laser wakefield accelerator.
Laser-plasma wakefield accelerators have seen tremendous progress, now capable of producing quasi-monoenergetic electron beams in the GeV energy range with few-femtoseconds bunch duration. Scaling these accelerators to the nanocoulomb range would yield hundreds of kiloamperes peak current and stimulate the next generation of radiation sources covering high-field THz, high-brightness X-ray and γ-ray sources, compact free-electron lasers and laboratory-size beam-driven plasma accelerators. However, accelerators generating such currents operate in the beam loading regime where the accelerating field is strongly modified by the self-fields of the injected bunch, potentially deteriorating key beam parameters. Here we demonstrate that, if appropriately controlled, the beam loading effect can be employed to improve the accelerator's performance. Self-truncated ionization injection enables loading of unprecedented charges of ∼0.5 nC within a mono-energetic peak. As the energy balance is reached, we show that the accelerator operates at the theoretically predicted optimal loading condition and the final energy spread is minimized.Higher beam quality and stability are desired in laser-plasma accelerators for their applications in compact light sources. Here the authors demonstrate in laser plasma wakefield electron acceleration that the beam loading effect can be employed to improve beam quality by controlling the beam charge
Restoring betatron phase coherence in a beam-loaded laser-wakefield accelerator
Matched beam loading in laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA), characterizing
the state of flattening of the acceleration electric field along the bunch,
leads to the minimization of energy spread at high bunch charges. Here, we
demonstrate by independently controlling injected charge and acceleration
gradients, using the self-truncated ionization injection scheme, that minimal
energy spread coincides with a reduction of the normalized beam divergence.
With the simultaneous confirmation of a constant beam radius at the plasma
exit, deduced from betatron radiation spectroscopy, we attribute this effect to
the reduction of chromatic betatron decoherence. Thus, beam loaded LWFA enables
highest longitudinal and transverse phase space densities
Nature of the spin dynamics and 1/3 magnetization plateau in azurite
We present a specific heat and inelastic neutron scattering study in magnetic
fields up into the 1/3 magnetization plateau phase of the diamond chain
compound azurite Cu(CO)(OH). We establish that the
magnetization plateau is a dimer-monomer state, {\it i.e.}, consisting of a
chain of monomers, which are separated by dimers on the
diamond chain backbone. The effective spin couplings K
and K are derived from the monomer and dimer
dispersions. They are associated to microscopic couplings K,
K and a ferromagnetic K, possibly as
result of orbitals in the Cu-O bonds providing the superexchange
pathways.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years
Much of our understanding of Cenozoic climate is based on the record of δ18O measured in benthic foraminifera. However, this measurement reflects a combined signal of global temperature and sea level, thus preventing a clear understanding of the interactions and feedbacks of the climate system in causing global temperature change. Our new reconstruction of temperature change over the past 4.5 million years includes two phases of long-term cooling, with the second phase of accelerated cooling during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (1.5 to 0.9 million years ago) being accompanied by a transition from dominant 41,000-year low-amplitude periodicity to dominant 100,000-year high-amplitude periodicity. Changes in the rates of long-term cooling and variability are consistent with changes in the carbon cycle driven initially by geologic processes, followed by additional changes in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle.
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Mid-infrared interferometry with K band fringe-tracking I. The VLTI MIDI+FSU experiment
Context: A turbulent atmosphere causes atmospheric piston variations leading
to rapid changes in the optical path difference of an interferometer, which
causes correlated flux losses. This leads to decreased sensitivity and accuracy
in the correlated flux measurement. Aims: To stabilize the N band
interferometric signal in MIDI (MID-infrared Interferometric instrument), we
use an external fringe tracker working in K band, the so-called FSU-A (fringe
sensor unit) of the PRIMA (Phase-Referenced Imaging and Micro-arcsecond
Astrometry) facility at VLTI. We present measurements obtained using the newly
commissioned and publicly offered MIDI+FSU-A mode. A first characterization of
the fringe-tracking performance and resulting gains in the N band are
presented. In addition, we demonstrate the possibility of using the FSU-A to
measure visibilities in the K band. Methods: We analyzed FSU-A fringe track
data of 43 individual observations covering different baselines and object K
band magnitudes with respect to the fringe-tracking performance. The N band
group delay and phase delay values could be predicted by computing the relative
change in the differential water vapor column density from FSU-A data.
Visibility measurements in the K band were carried out using a scanning mode of
the FSU-A. Results: Using the FSU-A K band group delay and phase delay
measurements, we were able to predict the corresponding N band values with high
accuracy with residuals of less than 1 micrometer. This allows the coherent
integration of the MIDI fringes of faint or resolved N band targets,
respectively. With that method we could decrease the detection limit of
correlated fluxes of MIDI down to 0.5 Jy (vs. 5 Jy without FSU-A) and 0.05 Jy
(vs. 0.2 Jy without FSU-A) using the ATs and UTs, respectively. The K band
visibilities could be measured with a precision down to ~2%.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, Accepted for publication in A&
Catchment export of base cations: improved mineral dissolution kinetics influence the role of water transit time
Soil mineral weathering is one of the major sources of base cations (BC), which play a dual role in forest ecosystems: they function as plant nutrients and buffer against the acidification of catchment runoff. On a long-term basis, soil weathering rates determine the highest sustainable forest productivity that does not cause acidification. It is believed that the hydrologic residence time plays a key role in determining the weathering rates at the landscape scale.The PROFILE weathering model has been used for almost 30 years to calculate weathering rates in the rooting zone of forest soils. However, the mineral dissolution equations in PROFILE are not adapted for the saturated zone, and employing these equations at the catchment scale results in a significant overprediction of base cation release rates to surface waters. In this study, we use a revised set of PROFILE equations which, among other features, include retardation due to silica concentrations. Relationships between the water transit time (WTT) and soil water concentrations were derived for each base cation, by simulating the soil water chemistry along a one-dimensional flow path, using the mineralogy from a glacial till soil. We show how the revised PROFILE equations are able to reproduce patterns in BC and silica concentrations as well as BC ratios (Ca2+/BC, Mg2+/BC and Na+/BC) that are observed in the soil water profiles and catchment runoff. In contrast to the original set of PROFILE equations, the revised set of equations could reproduce the fact that increasing WTT led to a decreasing Na+/BC ratio and increasing Ca2+/BC and Mg2+/BC ratios. Furthermore, the total release of base cations from a hillslope was calculated using a mixing model, where water with different WTTs was mixed according to an externally modeled WTT distribution. The revised set of equations gave a 50% lower base cation release (0.23 eqm 2 yr 1) than the original PROFILE equations and are in better agreement with mass balance calculations of weathering rates. Thus, the results from this study demonstrate that the revised mineral dissolution equations for PROFILE are a major step forward in modeling weathering rates at the catchment scale
Estimation of the regional stock of residential buildings as a basis for a comparative risk assessment in Germany
International audienceOne important prerequisite for a comparable quantitative risk assessment for different types of hazards (e.g., earthquakes, windstorms and floods) is the use of a common database about and financial appraisal of the assets at risk. For damage assessments it is necessary to represent the values at risk on a regional disaggregated scale and to intersect them with hazard scenarios. This paper presents a methodology and results of a financial appraisal of residential buildings for all communities in Germany. The calculated values are defined as replacement values for the reference year 2000. The resulting average replacement costs for residential buildings per inhabitant amount to EUR 46 600, with considerable differences between communities. The inventory can be used for the calculations of direct losses from various natural disasters within the project "Risk Map Germany''
Intrachromosomal excision of a hybrid Ds element induces large genomic deletions in Arabidopsis
Transposon activity is known to cause chromosome rearrangements in the host genome. Surprisingly, extremely little is known about Dissociation (Ds)-induced chromosome rearrangements in Arabidopsis, where Ds is intensively used for insertional mutagenesis. Here, we describe three Arabidopsis mutants with reduced fertility and propose that excision of a hybrid Ds element induced a large genomic deletion flanking Ds. In the mutants anat and haumea, the deletion mechanism consists of a local Ds transposition from replicated into unreplicated DNA followed by Ds excision, where one end of the newly transposed element and one end of the Ds transposon at the donor site served as substrate for transposase. Excision of this hybrid element reminiscent of a macrotransposon leads to loss of the chromosomal piece located between the two ends, including one full Ds element and the flanking genomic sequence. This mechanism was found to be responsible for several other deletions and occurs at a genetically trackable frequency. Thus, it could be applied to efficiently generate deletions of various sizes in the vicinity of any existing Ds element present in the genome. In the mutant tons missing, a mechanism that involves endogenous repetitive sequences caused a large flanking deletion at a position unlinked to the starter locus. Our study of Ds transposition in Arabidopsis revealed previously undescribed mechanisms that lead to large genomic deletions flanking Ds elements, which may contribute to genome dynamics and evolution
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