Propuesta didáctica para promover el desarrollo de habilidades matemáticas en niños de 3 años del nivel inicial de una Institución Educativa Privada de Lurín, Lima

El presente trabajo de suficiencia profesional que a continuación se presenta, tiene como objetivo diseñar una propuesta didáctica para promover el desarrollo de habilidades matemáticas en estudiantes de 3 años de una Institución Educativa Privada de Lurín, Lima. Para ello, se basa en el Paradigma Sociocognitivo Humanista donde los principales autores son Jean Piaget, David Ausubel y Jerome Bruner (cognitivo), Lev Vygotsky y Reaven Feuerstein (social y cultural), Robert Sternberg, Martiniano Román y Eloísa Diez (Teoría de la Inteligencia). Mediante esta propuesta, se busca lograr que el estudiante logre desarrollar sus competencias, capacidades y destrezas; adquiriendo no solo conocimientos, sino también valores. En el primer capítulo contiene la situación actual, características de la institución educativa y los objetivos del presente trabajo de suficiencia, el segundo el marco teórico y el tercer capítulo la programación curricularThe present work of professional proficiency that is presented below, aims to design a didactic proposal to promote the development of mathematical skills in 3-year-old students of a Private Educational Institution in Lurín, Lima. For this, it is based on the Humanist Sociocognitive Paradigm where the main authors are Jean Piaget, David Ausubel and Jerome Bruner (cognitive), Lev Vygotsky and Reaven Feuerstein (social and cultural), Robert Sternberg, Martiniano Román and Eloísa Diez (Theory of Intelligence). Through this proposal, we seek to ensure that the student develops their skills, abilities and skills; acquiring not only knowledge, but also values. The first chapter contains the current situation, the characteristics of the educational institution and the objectives of this sufficiency work, the second the theoretical framework and the third chapter the curricular programmin

Determining population structure among Argentinian jaguars (Panthera onca)

The jaguar (Panthera onca) is the largest felid in America and the most emblematic South American predator. This carnivore species holds a high environmental importance in all ecosystems it inhabits for its apex predator role. Jaguar populations have suffered an important decline over the last century and today this species is considered as critically endangered in Argentina. Ensuring the sustainability of theremaining jaguar populations demands a high degree of knowledge about the current state of their genetic variability levels and a description of population structure is essential, especially to allow rational translocation and reintroduction actions. The first jaguar reference genome was released in2017 (Figueiro et al. 2017) by the Jaguar Genome Project, a consortium we integrate.With the aim of generating useful resources and information for the jaguar genetics and conservation from the genomic perspective, we carried out the whole genome sequencing of 9 jaguar samples using Illumina 2500 NSG technology. Here we present the first results obtained from these 9 genomescompared to the reference. We performed a population structure analysis in order to estimate the optimal number of populations present in our data and a Multiple Correspondece Analysis (MCA) clustering of our samples based on over 280.000 homozygous variable positions in their genomes. Theestimation of the optimal number of populations present among our samples resulted in 6, according to the Structure analysis. However, the MCA clustering analysis only revealed 5 groups of individuals. The main genetic cluster of animal obtained is integrated by captive animals from zoos and natural reserves and surprisingly a Paraguayan male. Apart from this central group, a wild Argentinian sample from Misiones (a province in the north-east of the country) was located. Also, an animal of Uruguayan origin and the reference, built from a Brazilian animal, located in individual clusters.More work including heterozygous variable position analysis will be performed to better describe the genetic variability among the sequenced jaguar genomes and accurately describe the current genetic situation and population structure of this species in Argentinian territory.Fil: Pisciottano, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Tarifa Reischle, Inti Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Pegueroles Queralt, Cinta. Centro de Regulación Genómica; España. Universitat Pompeu Fabra; EspañaFil: Willis, Jesse R.. Centro de Regulación Genómica; EspañaFil: Julca Chavez, Irene Consuelo. Centro de Regulación Genómica; España. Universitat Pompeu Fabra; EspañaFil: Gabaldón, Toni. Centro de Regulación Genómica; España. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats ; EspañaFil: Saragueta, Patricia Esther. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica; ArgentinaExploring Genomic Landscapes EMBO WorkshopSan Pedro de AtacamaChileEMBOCenter for Genomic Regulatio

Transposons played a major role in the diversification between the closely related almond and peach genomes: Results from the almond genome sequence

We sequenced the genome of the highly heterozygous almond Prunus dulcis cv. Texas combining short and long‐read sequencing. We obtained a genome assembly totaling 227.6 Mb of the estimated 238 Mb almond genome size, of which 91% is anchored to eight pseudomolecules corresponding to its haploid chromosome complement, and annotated 27,969 protein‐coding genes and 6,747 non‐coding transcripts. By phylogenomic comparison with the genomes of 16 additional close and distant species we estimated that almond and peach (P. persica) diverged around 5.88 Mya. These two genomes are highly syntenic and show a high degree of sequence conservation (20 nucleotide substitutions/kb). However, they also exhibit a high number of presence/absence variants, many attributable to the movement of transposable elements (TEs). TEs have generated an important number of presence/absence variants between almond and peach, and we show that the recent history of TE movement seems markedly different between them. TEs may also be at the origin of important phenotypic differences between both species, and in particular, for the sweet kernel phenotype, a key agronomic and domestication character for almond. Here we show that in sweet almond cultivars, highly methylated TE insertions surround a gene involved in the biosynthesis of amygdalin, whose reduced expression has been correlated with the sweet almond phenotype. Altogether, our results suggest a key role of TEs in the recent history and diversification of almond and its close relative peach.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Phylogenomic Analysis of the Plastid Genome of the Peruvian Purple Maize Zea mays subsp. mays cv. ‘INIA 601’

Peru is an important center of diversity for maize; its different cultivars have been adapted to distinct altitudes and water availability and possess an array of kernel colors (red, blue, and purple), which are highly appreciated by local populations. Specifically, Peruvian purple maize is a collection of native landraces selected and maintained by indigenous cultures due to its intense purple color in the seed, bract, and cob. This color is produced by anthocyanin pigments, which have gained interest due to their potential use in the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industry. It is generally accepted that the Peruvian purple maize originated from a single ancestral landrace ‘Kculli’, but it is not well understood. To study the origin of the Peruvian purple maize, we assembled the plastid genomes of the new cultivar ‘INIA 601’ with a high concentration of anthocyanins, comparing them with 27 cultivars/landraces of South America, 9 Z. mays subsp. parviglumis, and 5 partial genomes of Z. mays subsp. mexicana. Using these genomes, plus four other maize genomes and two outgroups from the NCBI database, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship of Z. mays. Our results suggest a polyphyletic origin of purple maize in South America and agree with a complex scenario of domestication with recurrent gene flow from wild relatives. Additionally, we identify 18 plastid positions that can be used as high-confidence genetic markers for further studies. Altogether, these plastid genomes constitute a valuable resource to study the evolution and domestication of Z. mays in South America

A comprehensive genome variation map of melon identifies multiple domestication events and loci influencing agronomic traits

Melon is an economically important fruit crop that has been cultivated for thousands of years; however, the genetic basis and history of its domestication still remain largely unknown. Here we report a comprehensive map of the genomic variation in melon derived from the resequencing of 1,175 accessions, which represent the global diversity of the species. Our results suggest that three independent domestication events occurred in melon, two in India and one in Africa. We detected two independent sets of domestication sweeps, resulting in diverse characteristics of the two subspecies melo and agrestis during melon breeding. Genome-wide association studies for 16 agronomic traits identified 208 loci significantly associated with fruit mass, quality and morphological characters. This study sheds light on the domestication history of melon and provides a valuable resource for genomics-assisted breeding of this important crop.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

A comprehensive genome variation map of melon identifies multiple domestication events and loci influencing agronomic traits

Extended data and supplementary information are available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0522-8Melon is an economically important fruit crop that has been cultivated for thousands of years; however, the genetic basis and history of its domestication still remain largely unknown. Here we report a comprehensive map of the genomic variation in melon derived from the resequencing of 1,175 accessions, which represent the global diversity of the species. Our results suggest that three independent domestication events occurred in melon, two in India and one in Africa. We detected two independent sets of domestication sweeps, resulting in diverse characteristics of the two subspecies melo and agrestis during melon breeding. Genome-wide association studies for 16 agronomic traits identified 208 loci significantly associated with fruit mass, quality and morphological characters. This study sheds light on the domestication history of melon and provides a valuable resource for genomics-assisted breeding of this important crop

Rapid transcriptional plasticity of duplicated gene clusters enables a clonally reproducing aphid to colonise diverse plant species

Background: The prevailing paradigm of host-parasite evolution is that arms races lead to increasing specialisation via genetic adaptation. Insect herbivores are no exception and the majority have evolved to colonise a small number of closely related host species. Remarkably, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, colonises plant species across 40 families and single M. persicae clonal lineages can colonise distantly related plants. This remarkable ability makes M. persicae a highly destructive pest of many important crop species. Results: To investigate the exceptional phenotypic plasticity of M. persicae, we sequenced the M. persicae genome and assessed how one clonal lineage responds to host plant species of different families. We show that genetically identical individuals are able to colonise distantly related host species through the differential regulation of genes belonging to aphid-expanded gene families. Multigene clusters collectively upregulate in single aphids within two days upon host switch. Furthermore, we demonstrate the functional significance of this rapid transcriptional change using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knock-down of genes belonging to the cathepsin B gene family. Knock-down of cathepsin B genes reduced aphid fitness, but only on the host that induced upregulation of these genes. Conclusions: Previous research has focused on the role of genetic adaptation of parasites to their hosts. Here we show that the generalist aphid pest M. persicae is able to colonise diverse host plant species in the absence of genetic specialisation. This is achieved through rapid transcriptional plasticity of genes that have duplicated during aphid evolution

Analysis of the Olive genome

El olivo (Olea europaea, Oleaceae) es una planta icónica en el Mediterráneo por razones culturales, históricas y biológicas. El olivo como especie está formado por seis subespecies (europaea, maroccana, cerasiformis, laperrinei, guanchica, y cuspidata) que juntas forman el llamado complejo O. europaea. Del mismo modo, la subsp. europaea se divide en dos variedades: var. europaea, que comprende las formas cultivadas, y var. sylvestris (también llamado oleaster), que incluye las formas silvestres del Mediterráneo. El olivo ha sido cultivado intensivamente desde hace aproximadamente 6,000 años, coincidiendo con la emergencia de civilizaciones tempranas en el Mediterráneo. Debido al gran interés en sus frutos, como aceitunas de mesa y como material para aceite de oliva, el olivo es considerado un cultivo esencial en la cuenca Mediterránea. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo aportar conocimientos sobre la biologııa y la evolución de los olivos cultivados y linajes cercanos. Con este fin, secuenciamos, ensamblamos y anotamos un genoma de referencia correspondiente a un único individuo (O. europaea L. var. europaea). Análisis filogenómicos y evaluaciones del coverage relativo de alelos sugieren que en la historia evolutiva del olivo ocurrieron un mıınimo de cuatro poliploidizaciones. Dos alopoliploidizaciones localizadas en la base de la familia Oleaceae (Eoceno - Cretácico tardııo) y en la base de la tribu Oleeae; seguidas de dos poliploidizaciones en el ancestro de O. europaea (Mioceno-Plioceno) luego de su divergencia de Phillyrea angustifolia. Con el objetivo de estudiar la diversidad y las relaciones filogenéticas en el complejo O. europaea, secuenciamos adicionalmente el genoma de al menos un individuo por cada subespecie. Nuestros resultados muestran que los olivos cultivados tienen menos diversidad nucleotııdica cuando son comparados con los linajes silvestres. Diferentes genes están bajo selección positiva en cada cultivariedad incluida en este estudio (‘Arbequina’, ‘Beladi’, ‘Farga’, ‘Picual’, ‘Sorani’). Además de hibridación que involucra poliploidización, los análisis filogenómicos revelaron extensivos procesos de hibridazación homoploide entre los lineajes del complejo O. europaea, que resulta en un continuo flujo genético desde olivos silvestres hacia olivos domesticados. En particular, el cv. ‘Farga’ tiene un origen diferente a las otras cultivariedades incluidas en este estudio y aporta evidencia de domesticación secundaria en la penıınsula Ibérica. En resumen, este estudio permite entender la historia evolutiva de O. europaea, y descubre un complejo escenario de poliploidizaciones e hibridaciones que han resultado en duplicaciones génicas recurrentes.The olive tree (Olea europaea, Oleaceae) is an iconic plant of Mediterranean countries for cultural, historical and biological reasons. The olive species comprises six subspecies (europaea, maroccana, cerasiformis, laperrinei, guanchica, and cuspidata) that together form the so-called O. europaea complex. Likewise, the subsp. europaea is divided into two taxonomic varieties: var. europaea, that comprises all the cultivated forms, and var. sylvestris (also called oleaster), that includes the wild forms. The olive tree has been intensively cultivated since 6,000 years ago, coinciding with the emergence of early Mediterranean civilizations. Because of the interest of the drupes both as table olives and as raw material to produce olive oil, the olive tree is an essential crop across the Mediterranean basin. This doctoral thesis aims to provide insights into the biology and the evolution of the cultivated olive and relatives. To this end, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated a reference genome obtained from a single individual (O. europaea L. var. europaea). Phylogenomic analysis and assessment of allelic relative coverage suggest up to four polyploidization events in the evolutionary history of the olive. Two ancient allopolyploidization events at the base of the family Oleaceae (Eocene-Late Cretaceous), and the tribe Oleeae (Oligocene-Miocene), followed by two polyploidizations in the ancestor of O. europaea (Miocene-Pliocene) since its divergence from Phillyrea angustifolia. In order to study the diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the O. europaea complex, we additionally sequenced the genome of at least one individual per subspecies. Our results show that cultivated olive trees exhibit less nucleotide diversity when compared with wild relatives. Different sets of genes were found to be under positive selection in each cultivar included in this study (‘Arbequina’, ‘Beladi’, ‘Farga’, ‘Picual’, ‘Sorani’). In addition to hybridization involving polyploidization (allopolyploidization), phylogenomic analysis revealed extensive homoploid hybridization among lineages of the O. europaea complex, which results in a continuous gene flow from wild to domesticated olive trees. In particular, cv. ‘Farga’ has a different origin than the other cultivars included in this study, and shows evidence for secondary domestication events in the Iberian Peninsula. In summary, this study helps unravel the evolutionary history of O. europaea, and uncover a complex scenario of polyploidization and hybridization that resulted in recurrent gene duplications

Phylogenomics of the Olea europaea complex using 15 whole genomes supports recurrent genetic admixture together with differentiation into seven subspecies

Background: The last taxonomic account of Olea recognises six subspecies within Olea europaea L., including the Mediterranean olive tree (subsp. europaea) and five other subspecies (laperrinei, guanchica, maroccana, cerasiformis, and cuspidata) distributed across the Old World, including Macaronesian islands. The evolutionary history of this monophyletic group (O. europaea complex) has revealed a reticulated scenario involving hybridization and polyploidization events, leading to the presence of a polyploid series associated with the subspecies. However, how the polyploids originated, and how the different subspecies contributed to the domestication of the cultivated olive are questions still debated. Tracing the recent evolution and genetic diversification of the species is key for the management and preservation of its genetic resources. To study the recent history of the O. europaea complex, we compared newly sequenced and available genomes for 27 individuals representing the six subspecies. Results: Our results show discordance between current subspecies distributions and phylogenomic patterns, which support intricate biogeographic patterns. The subspecies guanchica, restricted to the Canary Islands, is closely related to subsp. europaea, and shows a high genetic diversity. The subsp. laperrinei, restricted now to high mountains of the Sahara desert, and the Canarian subsp. guanchica contributed to the formation of the allotetraploid subsp. cerasiformis (Madeira islands) and the allohexaploid subsp. maroccana (western Sahara region). Our phylogenomic data support the recognition of one more taxon (subsp. ferruginea) for the Asian populations, which is clearly segregated from the African subsp. cuspidata. Conclusions: In sum, the O. europaea complex underwent several processes of hybridization, polyploidy, and geographical isolation resulting in seven independent lineages with certain morphological traits recognised into subspecies.Ministry of Education (MOE)Published versionThis research has received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for grant PGC2018-099921-B-I00, cofounded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); from the Catalan Research Agency (AGAUR) SGR423; from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC-2016–724173); from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Grant GBMF9742) and from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (INB Grant PT17/0009/0023—ISCIII-SGEFI/ERDF). IJ is supported by the Singaporean Ministry of Education grant MOE2018-T2-2–053. TG and PV acknowledge support from Banco Santander for the Olive Genome Sequencing project

Redesigning plant specialized metabolism with supervised machine learning using publicly available reactome data

The immense structural diversity of products and intermediates of plant specialized metabolism (specialized metabolites) makes them rich sources of therapeutic medicine, nutrients, and other useful materials. With the rapid accumulation of reactome data that can be accessible on biological and chemical databases, along with recent advances in machine learning, this review sets out to outline how supervised machine learning can be used to design new compounds and pathways by exploiting the wealth of said data. We will first examine the various sources from which reactome data can be obtained, followed by explaining the different machine learning encoding methods for reactome data. We then discuss current supervised machine learning developments that can be employed in various aspects to help redesign plant specialized metabolism.Ministry of Education (MOE)Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore Food AgencyPublished versionP.K.L. is supported by a Nanyang Technological University PhD stipend. I.J. is supported by Nanyang Biologics. M.M. is supported by Singapore Food Agency grant SFS_RND_SUFP_001_05 and Singaporean Ministry of Education grant MOE Tier 2 022580-00001