Poblaciones y comunidades de algas bentónicas en la costa catalana

Las poblaciones de algas bentónicas forman comunidades que en unos lugares están poco diferenciadas y en otros constituyen comunidades definidas de un cierto valor indicativo. En este trabajo se comentan diversos perfiles de la costa catalana, confeccionadas según esquemas tomados sobre el terreno y auxiliados por fotografías submarinas.Los perfiles, tomados en varias localidades de la costa, revelan algunos horizontes y facies característicos del Mediterráneo occidental, lo que nos permite a modo de síntesis, tabular según su exposición al oleaje y a la luz, las facies más conspicuas y mejor caracterizadas.The populations of benthic algae form communities which are little differenciated in some spots while in others they constitute definite communities with some indicative value. Several profiles of the catalan coast are treated in this paper they have been drawn in accordance with outlines taken on the ground and with the aid of submarine pictures.The profiles, taken at several spots of the coast, reveal some horizonts and facieswhich are characteristic of the west Mediterranean, this allows us to tabulate the facies more evidents and better characterized according to their exposure to the swell and to the light

The distribution and ecological effects of the introduced Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) in Northern Patagonia

In this work we studied the actual coverage, distribution patterns and ecologic effects of the introduced oyster Crassostrea gigas 20 y after their introduction to the Northern Argentinean Patagonia (Bahia Anegada; 39º50´S to 40º40´S and 61º59 to 62º28 W). Using satellite imagery and field and aerial inspections we found 10 oyster beds that cover less than 0.05% of the bay intertidal (area covered: 36.45 ha). These beds are restricted to intertidal zones with superficial hard substrata (limestone outcrops). Most epifaunal organisms (the crabs Cyrtagrapsus angulatus, Chasmagnathus granulatus, the isopod Melita palmata. and the snail Heleobia australis) showed higher densities inside oyster beds compared with outside and experiments showed that artificially deployed oyster beds increased the densities of their at three intertidal zones (high intertidal marsh, low intertidal marsh. and low intertidal with hard substrata) and also increased densities of infaunal organisms (the polychaetes Laeonereis acuta, Nepthys fluviatilis, and the priapulid Priapulus tuberculatospinosus) at the low intertidal with hard substrata. This may be the result of increasing habitat structure and refuge for epifaunal organisms, and enhancement of deposition and sediment stability that may benefit infaunal organisms. Densities bird species (Local species: Larus dominicanus, Haematopus palliatits: Regional migratory shorebird: Charadrius falklandicus; Long range migratory shorebirds: Pluvialis dominica, Calidris canutus, Tringa flavipes) were higher inside oyster beds compared with similar zones without oysters, which may be the result of higher prey availability. Foraging rate was also higher for some of these species (P. dominica, C. falklandicus). However, due to the limited availability of hard substratum the distribution of oysters is small. In conclusion, no negative effects were observed as a result of this introduction. There was an increase in species abundance and the area was preferred by local and migratory bird species, which also showed higher feeding rates.Fil: Escapa, Carlos Mauricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Isacch, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Daleo, Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Alberti, Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Iribarne, Oscar Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Borges, Mónica Elisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; ArgentinaFil: Dos Santos, Eder Paulo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; ArgentinaFil: Gagliardini, Domingo Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lasta, Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Subsede Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentin

Long-term management is needed for conserving plant diversity in a Wadden Sea salt marsh

Evaluation of long-term management regimes is important for guiding biodiversity conservation in salt marshes. However, such long-term experiments are sparse. Using a 46-year experiment in a salt marsh, we evaluated long-term effects of eight different management regimes (treatments; control, grazing, mowing, and their combinations) on the expansion of a late successional plant species (Elytrigia atherica), plant species richness and diversity, and community composition (species identities and dominance structure). Results show that E. atherica expanded strongly over time in the control treatment (without grazing or mowing) while plant species richness and diversity declined substantially. By contrast, E. atherica was greatly suppressed while plant species richness and diversity remained relatively unchanged in all other treatments except for the mowing, where species richness declined in the late season mowing treatment and plant diversity declined after 17 years in the both early and late season mowing treatment. Therefore, all management types except for the mowing were effective in conserving plant diversity. The trends for change in species identities reversed: change in species identities accumulated in the control treatment and exceeded that of other treatments 15 years after the start of the experiment. This suggests that results based on shorter-term (< 15 years) experiments may provide misleading conservation recommendations. Also, trends for change in dominance structure (taking abundance into account) were substantially different from those for species identities. Our results highlight the importance of long-term monitoring for guiding conservation management, and that monitoring should not only focus on the number of species but also community composition, to fully identify critical changes.Fil: Chen, Qingqing. University of Groningen; Países BajosFil: Bakker, Jan P.. University of Groningen; Países BajosFil: Alberti, Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Smit, Christian. University of Groningen; Países Bajo

Título: 23 preguntas

Fútbol, billar, hockey, hípica¿Fútbol sajón o latino? -- Un stradivarius -- Iberismo sobre ruedas -- La serie americana -- Y al final, el baile. En la última página se incluye un concurso con 23 preguntas sobre temas hispanoamericano

A Comparative Study of PMETAC-Modified Mesoporous Silica and Titania Thin Films for Molecular Transport Manipulation

The manipulation and understanding of molecular transport across functionalized nanopores will take us closer to mimicking biological membranes and thus to design high-performance permselective separation systems. In this work, Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of (2-methacryloyloxy)-ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (METAC) was performed on both mesoporous silica and mesoporous titania thin films. Pores were proven to be filled using ellipsometry and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Furthermore, the employed method leads to a polymer overlayer, whose thickness could be discriminated using a double-layer ellipsometry model. Cyclic voltammetry experiments reveal that the transport of electrochemically active probes is affected by the PMETAC presence, both due to the polymer overlayer and the confined charge of the pore-tethered PMETAC. A more detailed study demonstrates that ion permeability depends on the combined role of the inorganic scaffolds’ (titania and silica) surface chemistry and the steric and charge exclusion properties of the polyelectrolyte. Interestingly, highly charged negative walls with positively charged polymers may resemble zwitterionic polymer behavior in confined environments

Tired of losing valuable data? Build your lab ecological database as a cornerstone for long-term approaches

Long-term ecological data is essential to identify impacts of global change or to analyse the response  of local systems to perturbations. Thus, ecologists are facing the compromise to collect and process longer-term data while specific funding for those purposes is extremely scarce. Although more funding to gather and store long term data would be ideal, it is unlikely to occur, at least in the short term. Another (most plausible) option could be to dive among the many spreadsheets belonging to one or more colleagues with shared variables and from several projects over the years. Obviously, this might be an extremely time-consuming and tedious task. To simplify this and save time, it would be ideal to store as much data as possible (individual or lab generated) in a single comprehensive database. Given that the process of building, maintaining and doing queries on such databases could be scary for ecologists not familiarized, here we provide a step-by-step guide to build 1) a generic and versatile ecological database, and 2) a graphical user interface to load, update, verify, view and download data. The scripts to build them are programmed on open-software (MariaDB and R), and we also provide instructions to change them according to many usual situations.Los datos ecológicos a largo plazo son esenciales para identificar impactos del cambio global o para analizar la respuesta de ecosistemas locales a perturbaciones. Por lo tanto, los/as ecólogos/as se enfrentan al compromiso de recolectar y procesar datos a largo plazo mientras que los fondos específicos para estos fines son extremadamente escasos. Si bien sería ideal que hubiera mayor financiamiento para recolectar y almacenar datos a largo plazo, es poco probable que esto vaya a suceder, al menos en el corto plazo. Otra opción (más realista) podría ser la de bucear en las múltiples libretas y archivos propios y de colegas en busca de variables compartidas a lo largo del tiempo. Esto obviamente requiere de mucho tiempo y dedicación. Para simplificar esta tarea y ahorrar algo de tiempo, sería ideal poder almacenar tantos datos como fuera posible (propios o del laboratorio) en una base de datos única y completa. Dado que el proceso de armado y mantenimiento de bases de datos, junto con las consultas pertinentes, puede sonar atemorizador para ecólogas/os no familiarizadas/os, acá proponemos una guía paso a paso para crear 1) una base de datos ecológica genérica y versátil, y 2) una interfaz gráfica para cargar, actualizar, verificar, visualizar y descargar datos de dicha base. Los comandos para crearlas fueron programados en software libre (MariaDB y R) y también proveemos instrucciones para cambiarlos de acuerdo a varias situaciones comunes.Fil: Alberti, Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Massone, Octavio Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin

Quorum Sensing is essential for an effective symbiosis in R. leguminosarum UPM791.

The implications of Quorum Sensing in the establishment of a successful symbiosis of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae (Rlv) with legume plants are discussed in this work. In order to analyze the significance and regulation of the production of AHL signal molecules, mutants deficient in each of the two QS systems present in Rlv UPM791 were constructed. A detailed analysis of the effect of these mutations on growth, AHL production, biofilm formation and symbiosis with pea, vetch and lentil plants has been carried out

Efecto de los sistemas de Quorum Sensing sobre la eficiencia simbiótica de R. leguminosarum UPM791

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae (Rlv) es una alfa-proteobacteria capaz de establecer una simbiosis diazotrófica con distintas leguminosas. Uno de los factores implicados en el establecimiento de la simbiosis es el sistema de comunicación intercelular conocido como Quorum Sensing (QS). Mediante este sistema, las bacterias actúan de manera coordinada en respuesta a cambios en la densidad de población a través de la producción y detección de señales extracelulares. El genoma de Rlv UPM791 contiene dos sistemas tipo luxRI mediados por señales de tipo N-acyl-homoserina lactonas (AHLs): el sistema rhiRI, codificado en el plásmido simbiótico, produce C6-HSL, C7-HSL y C8-HSL; y el sistema cinRI, localizado en el cromosoma, produce 3-OH-C14:1-HSL. Con el fin de analizar el significado y la regulación de los sistemas de QS en esta bacteria endosimbiótica se generaron mutantes defectivos en cada uno de los sistemas de QS, y se llevó a cabo un análisis detallado sobre la producción de AHLs y la simbiosis con plantas de guisante, veza y lenteja. El sistema rhiRI se necesita para un comportamiento simbiótico normal, dado que la mutación en rhiI reduce considerablemente la eficiencia simbiótica. rhiR es esencial para la fijación de nitrógeno en ausencia del plásmido pUPM791d. Asimismo, mutaciones en el sistema cinRIS mostraron también un importante efecto en simbiosis. El mutante ?cinRIS no produce la señal 3-OH-C14:1-HSL, y da lugar a nódulos blancos e inefectivos, carentes de bacteroides. El mutante ?cinI, incapaz de producir AHLs, no forma nódulos en ninguna de las leguminosas utilizadas. El análisis genético reveló que dicha mutación origina la inestabilización del plásmido simbiótico por un mecanismo dependiente de cinI que no ha sido aclarado. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren un papel relevante de los sistemas de Quorum Sensing de Rlv UPM791 en los primeros estadíos de la simbiosis, e indican la existencia de un modelo de regulación dependiente de QS significativamente distinto a los que se han descrito previamente en otras cepas de R. leguminosarum

Using beta-diversity to differentiate neutral from niche community assembly

Según la teoría del nicho ecológico, la composición de especies en un lugar dado debería estar determinada por la conjunción de los factores bióticos y abióticos que allí actúan. En cambio, la teoría neutral propone que las especies son equivalentes y que la composición de ensambles locales está dada, entonces, por procesos de colonización y extinción independientes de las especies. Hoy en día se sabe que es difícil encontrar en la naturaleza ensambles puramente neutrales o puramente basados en el nicho ecológico, sino que lo que priman son ensambles intermedios. Los ensambles con una impronta fuerte del nicho ecológico están muy influidos por las interacciones interespecíficas o por los forzantes ambientales, mientras que los ensambles neutrales están más influidos por la deriva ecológica o por las dinámicas de extinción y colonización en base a las abundancias de las especies. El concepto de beta diversidad se tornó especialmente popular durante la última década y ha sido utilizado con diferentes finalidades en una gran variedad de ambientes. En particular, ganó mucha relevancia como herramienta para estimar la importancia relativa del nicho ecológico en los ensambles de especies. Esto se puede evaluar de forma sencilla con el uso de modelos neutrales ad hoc. En un ensamble puramente neutral, la variabilidad en la composición del ensamble entre muestras no debería ser diferente a la esperada como producto de una selección de especies al azar del total regional de especies (diversidad gama) para cada muestra (diversidad alfa). Cuanto más se aleje la variabilidad a la esperable por azar, mayor será la importancia relativa del nicho ecológico. Recientemente, hubo un gran avance en entender qué tipos de factores promueven uno u otro ensamble. Sin embargo, al ser un campo relativamente nuevo queda aún mucho por saber (e.g., interacción de factores, relación tiempoespacio, diferencias entre niveles tróficos). En este trabajo revisamos los alcances y la metodología de una temática que está viviendo un desarrollo marcado dentro de la ecología de comunidades, y discutimos algunos de los aspectos relevantes y relacionados que, por el momento, no fueron estudiados.According to the niche theory, species assemblies should reflect biotic and abiotic local conditions. In turn, the neutral theory of biodiversity stands that species are equivalent and that local species assembly is the product of colonization and extinction rates. After some years of debate, nowadays, ecologists agree that purely niche or neutral assemblies rarely occur in nature and, in turn, that the rule are assemblies somewhere in the middle. A niche assembly is the product of interspecific interactions or environmental forcing, while a neutral assembly is derived from intrinsic population dynamics (e.g., colonization and extinction rates). The beta-diversity concept (it has various definitions, but all of them share the idea of a link between local [alpha] and regional [gamma] diversity, and, thus, refers to the heterogeneity in species composition between places or times) has become particularly popular during the last decade. It is used to analyze a great variety of systems in different ways. In particular, it gained attention as a tool to differentiate niche- vs neutral-based species assembly. This could be easily addressed using ad hoc neutral models. A pure neutral assembly should exhibit a variability in species composition similar to that expected by randomly selecting species from the regional pool (gamma diversity) for each sample (alpha diversity). The more deviant from the variability expected by chance, the more niche-based assembly. We have greatly expanded our knowledge of the factors that promote one or the other type of assembly. However, there is still much more to elucidate, like how neutral vs. niche assembly is influenced by the interaction between factors, spatio-temporal relationships or if there are scale-dependent variations. In this review, we analyze the potential uses and methodologies associated with this emerging topic in community ecology and discuss some related and interesting scientific questions that remain unanswered

Concrete for precast blocks: binary and ternary combination of sewage sludge ash with diverse mineral residue

[EN] This paper proposes binary and ternary combinations of sewage sludge ash (SSA) with fly ash (FA), marble dust (MD) and rice husk ash (RHA) as partial replacements of Portland cement in concretes with a similar dosage to that used in precast blocks, with very dry consistency. Several physical-mechanical tests were carried out on concrete specimens with curing ages of 28 and 90 days: density, water absorption, capillary water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength. The combinations of residues significantly improve the properties of the cementitious systems: 30% replacement of Portland cement provides strength values similar to the reference sample, showing the synergetic effects of the combination of the mineral additions. The significance of this research relies on the combined use of the mineral additions as well as the use of them for the precast block industry. The results show synergies among the additions and even that some of them showed relevant improvements when they are used in combination, performing better than when used individually.Baeza-Brotons, F.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Galao, O.; Alberti, MG.; Garcés, P. (2020). Concrete for precast blocks: binary and ternary combination of sewage sludge ash with diverse mineral residue. Materials. 13(20):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13204634S1191320Zabalza Bribián, I., Valero Capilla, A., & Aranda Usón, A. (2011). Life cycle assessment of building materials: Comparative analysis of energy and environmental impacts and evaluation of the eco-efficiency improvement potential. Building and Environment, 46(5), 1133-1140. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.12.002Lothenbach, B., Scrivener, K., & Hooton, R. D. (2011). Supplementary cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(12), 1244-1256. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001Ministerio de Agricultura Alimentación y Medio Ambiente http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/prevencion-y-gestion-residuos/flujos/lodos-depCyr, M., Coutand, M., & Clastres, P. (2007). Technological and environmental behavior of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(8), 1278-1289. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.003Donatello, S., & Cheeseman, C. R. (2013). Recycling and recovery routes for incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA): A review. Waste Management, 33(11), 2328-2340. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.024Marble Association of Alicante http://www.marmoldealicante.esChen, M., Blanc, D., Gautier, M., Mehu, J., & Gourdon, R. (2013). Environmental and technical assessments of the potential utilization of sewage sludge ashes (SSAs) as secondary raw materials in construction. Waste Management, 33(5), 1268-1275. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2013.01.004Monzó, J., Payá, J., Borrachero, M. V., & Córcoles, A. (1996). Use of sewage sludge ash(SSA)-cement admixtures in mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 26(9), 1389-1398. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(96)00119-6Payá, J., Monzó, J., Borrachero, M. V., Amahjour, F., Girbés, I., Velázquez, S., & Ordóñez, L. M. (2002). Advantages in the use of fly ashes in cements containing pozzolanic combustion residues: silica fume, sewage sludge ash, spent fluidized bed catalyst and rice husk ash. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 77(3), 331-335. doi:10.1002/jctb.583Tay, J.-H., & Show, K.-Y. (1994). Municipal wastewater sludge as cementitious and blended cement materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 16(1), 39-48. doi:10.1016/0958-9465(94)90029-9Donatello, S., Tyrer, M., & Cheeseman, C. R. (2010). Comparison of test methods to assess pozzolanic activity. Cement and Concrete Composites, 32(2), 121-127. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.10.008Research Group in Chemistry Building Materials—Universitat Politècnica de València. Proyecto PEL-CEN http://epsar.cop.gva.es/depuradorasvPeris Mora, E., Payá, J., & Monzó, J. (1993). Influence of different sized fractions of a fly ash on workability of mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 23(4), 917-924. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(93)90045-bEvolución de las resistencias mecánicas de sistemas ternarios cemento/ceniza volante/ceniza de lodo de depuradora: Efectos puzolánicos complementarios https://www.upv.es/pms2002/Comunicaciones/038 PAYA.PDFCorinaldesi, V., Moriconi, G., & Naik, T. R. (2010). Characterization of marble powder for its use in mortar and concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 24(1), 113-117. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.013Influence of Marble and Limestone Dusts as Additives on Some Mechanical Properties of Concrete, SCI RES ESSAYS 2 (2007) 372-379 http://www.academicjournals.org/SREAliabdo, A. A., Abd Elmoaty, A. E. M., & Auda, E. M. (2014). Re-use of waste marble dust in the production of cement and concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 50, 28-41. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.005Rodríguez de Sensale, G. (2006). Strength development of concrete with rice-husk ash. Cement and Concrete Composites, 28(2), 158-160. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.09.005Khan, R., Jabbar, A., Ahmad, I., Khan, W., Khan, A. N., & Mirza, J. (2012). Reduction in environmental problems using rice-husk ash in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 30, 360-365. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.028Madandoust, R., Ranjbar, M. M., Moghadam, H. A., & Mousavi, S. Y. (2011). Mechanical properties and durability assessment of rice husk ash concrete. Biosystems Engineering, 110(2), 144-152. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.07.009Nicoara, A. I., Stoica, A. E., Vrabec, M., Šmuc Rogan, N., Sturm, S., Ow-Yang, C., … Vasile, B. S. (2020). End-of-Life Materials Used as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in the Concrete Industry. Materials, 13(8), 1954. doi:10.3390/ma13081954García Arenas, C., Marrero, M., Leiva, C., Solís-Guzmán, J., & Vilches Arenas, L. F. (2011). High fire resistance in blocks containing coal combustion fly ashes and bottom ash. Waste Management, 31(8), 1783-1789. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2011.03.017Poon, C.-S., Kou, S., Wan, H., & Etxeberria, M. (2009). Properties of concrete blocks prepared with low grade recycled aggregates. Waste Management, 29(8), 2369-2377. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.02.018Sabai, M. M., Cox, M. G. D. M., Mato, R. R., Egmond, E. L. C., & Lichtenberg, J. J. N. (2013). Concrete block production from construction and demolition waste in Tanzania. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 72, 9-19. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.12.003Xiao, R., Ma, Y., Jiang, X., Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., … He, Q. (2020). Strength, microstructure, efflorescence behavior and environmental impacts of waste glass geopolymers cured at ambient temperature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252, 119610. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119610Xiao, R., Polaczyk, P., Zhang, M., Jiang, X., Zhang, Y., Huang, B., & Hu, W. (2020). Evaluation of Glass Powder-Based Geopolymer Stabilized Road Bases Containing Recycled Waste Glass Aggregate. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2674(1), 22-32. doi:10.1177/0361198119898695Antoni, M., Rossen, J., Martirena, F., & Scrivener, K. (2012). Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone. Cement and Concrete Research, 42(12), 1579-1589. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.006Scrivener, K., Martirena, F., Bishnoi, S., & Maity, S. (2018). Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3). Cement and Concrete Research, 114, 49-56. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.01