La scénographie à l’épreuve de la fragmentation des espaces d’exposition.

Nous partirons du postulat que toute exposition confronte le spectateur à des espaces discontinus et morcelés et à des objets (expos, textes, etc…) hétérogènes. Nous entendrons explorer les réponses qu’offrent les grands modèles scénographiques au défi de la fragmentation de l’expérience du spectateur. Pour mettre notre réflexion à l’épreuve d’une étude de cas remarquable par sa singularité et sa complexité, nous prendrons appui sur la scénographie de l’exposition des travaux d’Emilie Faïf à la fondation espace écureuil pour l’art contemporain à Toulouse (Automne 2014).We will work on the premise that any exhibition confronts the audience with discontinuous, fractured spaces and heterogeneous objects (exhibits, texts, etc.). We will consider how the principal exhibition designs respond to the challenge of the fragmented experience of the visit. In testing our thoughts against a unique and complex case study, we will consider the design for the Emilie Faïf exhibition at the Fondation Ecureuil pour l’Art Contemporain in Toulouse (Autumn 2014)

Increased mortality in hematological malignancy patients with acute respiratory failure from undetermined etiology : a Groupe de Recherche en Réanimation Respiratoire en Onco-Hématologique (Grrr-OH) study

Background: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the most frequent complication in patients with hematological malignancies and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. ARF etiologies are numerous, and despite extensive diagnostic workflow, some patients remain with undetermined ARF etiology. Methods: This is a post-hoc study of a prospective multicenter cohort performed on 1011 critically ill hematological patients. Relationship between ARF etiology and hospital mortality was assessed using a multivariable regression model adjusting for confounders. Results: This study included 604 patients with ARF. All patients underwent noninvasive diagnostic tests, and a bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in 155 (25.6%). Definite diagnoses were classified into four exclusive etiological categories: pneumonia (44.4%), non-infectious diagnoses (32.6%), opportunistic infection (10.1%) and undetermined (12.9%), with corresponding hospital mortality rates of 40, 35, 55 and 59%, respectively. Overall hospital mortality was 42%. By multivariable analysis, factors associated with hospital mortality were invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (OR 7.57 (95% CI 3.06-21.62); p 7 (OR 3.32 (95% CI 2.15-5.15); p < 0.005) and an undetermined ARF etiology (OR 2.92 (95% CI 1.71-5.07); p < 0.005). Conclusions: In patients with hematological malignancies and ARF, up to 13% remain with undetermined ARF etiology despite comprehensive diagnostic workup. Undetermined ARF etiology is independently associated with hospital mortality. Studies to guide second-line diagnostic strategies are warranted

The FOXO1 Transcription Factor Instructs the Germinal Center Dark Zone Program

SummaryThe pathways regulating formation of the germinal center (GC) dark zone (DZ) and light zone (LZ) are unknown. In this study we show that FOXO1 transcription factor expression was restricted to the GC DZ and was required for DZ formation, since its absence in mice led to the loss of DZ gene programs and the formation of LZ-only GCs. FOXO1-negative GC B cells displayed normal somatic hypermutation but defective affinity maturation and class switch recombination. The function of FOXO1 in sustaining the DZ program involved the trans-activation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, and cooperation with the BCL6 transcription factor in the trans-repression of genes involved in immune activation, DNA repair, and plasma cell differentiation. These results also have implications for the role of FOXO1 in lymphomagenesis because they suggest that constitutive FOXO1 activity might be required for the oncogenic activity of deregulated BCL6 expression

A New High-Throughput Tool to Screen Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Zika Virus Endemic/Epidemic Areas

International audienceMosquitoes are vectors of arboviruses affecting animal and human health. Arboviruses circulate primarily within an enzootic cycle and recurrent spillovers contribute to the emergence of human-adapted viruses able to initiate an urban cycle involving anthropophilic mosquitoes. The increasing volume of travel and trade offers multiple opportunities for arbovirus introduction in new regions. This scenario has been exemplified recently with the Zika pandemic. To incriminate a mosquito as vector of a pathogen, several criteria are required such as the detection of natural infections in mosquitoes. In this study, we used a high-throughput chip based on the BioMark™ Dynamic arrays system capable of detecting 64 arboviruses in a single experiment. A total of 17,958 mosquitoes collected in Zika-endemic/epidemic countries (Brazil, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Suriname, Senegal, and Cambodia) were analyzed. Here we show that this new tool can detect endemic and epidemic viruses in different mosquito species in an epidemic context. Thus, this fast and low-cost method can be suggested as a novel epidemiological surveillance tool to identify circulating arboviruses

Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses by Common Teal (Anas crecca) in Europe

Since the recent spread of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 subtypes, avian influenza virus (AIV) dispersal has become an increasing focus of research. As for any other bird-borne pathogen, dispersal of these viruses is related to local and migratory movements of their hosts. In this study, we investigated potential AIV spread by Common Teal (Anas crecca) from the Camargue area, in the South of France, across Europe. Based on bird-ring recoveries, local duck population sizes and prevalence of infection with these viruses, we built an individual-based spatially explicit model describing bird movements, both locally (between wintering areas) and at the flyway scale. We investigated the effects of viral excretion duration and inactivation rate in water by simulating AIV spread with varying values for these two parameters. The results indicate that an efficient AIV dispersal in space is possible only for excretion durations longer than 7 days. Virus inactivation rate in the environment appears as a key parameter in the model because it allows local persistence of AIV over several months, the interval between two migratory periods. Virus persistence in water thus represents an important component of contamination risk as ducks migrate along their flyway. Based on the present modelling exercise, we also argue that HP H5N1 AIV is unlikely to be efficiently spread by Common Teal dispersal only

Impact of early enteral versus parenteral nutrition on mortality in patients requiring mechanical ventilation and catecholamines: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (NUTRIREA-2)

BACKGROUND: Nutritional support is crucial to the management of patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and the most commonly prescribed treatment in intensive care units (ICUs). International guidelines consistently indicate that enteral nutrition (EN) should be preferred over parenteral nutrition (PN) whenever possible and started as early as possible. However, no adequately designed study has evaluated whether a specific nutritional modality is associated with decreased mortality. The primary goal of this trial is to assess the hypothesis that early first-line EN, as compared to early first-line PN, decreases day 28 all-cause mortality in patients receiving IMV and vasoactive drugs for shock. METHODS/DESIGN: The NUTRIREA-2 study is a multicenter, open-label, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial comparing early PN versus early EN in critically ill patients requiring IMV for an expected duration of at least 48 hours, combined with vasoactive drugs, for shock. Patients will be allocated at random to first-line PN for at least 72 hours or to first-line EN. In both groups, nutritional support will be started within 24 hours after IMV initiation. Calorie targets will be 20 to 25 kcal/kg/day during the first week, then 25 to 30 kcal/kg/day thereafter. Patients receiving PN may be switched to EN after at least 72 hours in the event of shock resolution (no vasoactive drugs for 24 consecutive hours and arterial lactic acid level below 2 mmol/L). On day 7, all patients receiving PN and having no contraindications to EN will be switched to EN. In both groups, supplemental PN may be added to EN after day 7 in patients with persistent intolerance to EN and inadequate calorie intake. We plan to recruit 2,854 patients at 44 participating ICUs. DISCUSSION: The NUTRIREA-2 study is the first large randomized controlled trial designed to assess the hypothesis that early EN improves survival compared to early PN in ICU patients. Enrollment started on 22 March 2013 and is expected to end in November 2015. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01802099 (registered 27 February 2013)

Evaluation and optimization of the response to health risks due to the presence of Aedes albopictus in mainland France

Les maladies à transmission vectorielle constituent un risque émergent dont l’épidémiologie est particulièrement influencée par les changements globaux. En France, l'installation d'un moustique invasif, Aedes albopictus, a fait émerger le risque de transmission d’arbovirus tels que la dengue, le chikungunya, ou encore Zika. Les systèmes de surveillance et de contrôle mis en œuvre doivent être régulièrement évalués et ajustés afin de proposer une réponse adaptée et proportionnée aux risques et à leur évolution, tout en garantissant une utilisation optimale et rationnelle des ressources humaines et financières. Face à ce constat, nous avons mis en œuvre des approches statistiques et mathématiques afin de tirer le meilleur parti des données disponibles. L’analyse rétrospective des différents cas importés en France métropolitaine a permis d'identifier les principaux facteurs associés au risque d’émergence. L’étude des deux principaux événements de transmission autochtone du virus chikungunya survenus en France métropolitaine à l’aide d’un modèle mathématique nous a ensuite permis d’estimer certains paramètres de la transmission et du contrôle des vecteurs. A partir de ces estimations, différentes simulations ont été réalisées afin d’apprécier l’ampleur des émergences selon différents scénarios. Enfin, nous avons conduit une étude exploratoire sur l’utilisation des données issues des réseaux sociaux pour intégrer les comportements humains au sein des modèles de dynamiques des maladies à transmission vectorielle. Ces différents résultats soulignent l’importance de la détection précoce des situations d’émergence et, par conséquent, la nécessité de maintenir et d’ajuster les dispositifs de surveillance et de contrôle des arboviroses dès lors que de nouvelles données sont disponibles.Vector-borne diseases constitute emerging risks whose epidemiology is particularly influenced by global changes (globalization of trade, climate change, intensification of agriculture and livestock, loss of biodiversity, urbanization). In Europe, the establishment of an invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is increasing the risk of vector-borne diseases emergence such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Therefore, surveillance and control systems must be regularly assessed and updated in order to offer an appropriate and proportionate response to the risks and their evolution, while ensuring optimal and rational use of human and financial resources.Consequently, we implemented statistical and mathematical approaches in order to take advantage of the available data. The retrospective analysis of the imported cases into mainland France allows for the identification of the main drivers of the risk of arbovirus emergence. Using a mathematical model, we estimate parameters of transmission and vector control from the two main local transmission events of chikungunya virus that occurred in metropolitan France. Based on these estimates, various simulations were carried out in order to assess the impact of the timing of vector control implementation. In this context, we also evaluated the magnitude of the transmission according to different contexts. Finally, we conducted an exploratory study on the use of digital data from social networks to integrate human behaviors and their evolution over time in vector-borne diseases models.These various results highlight the importance of early detection of emergence situations and, consequently, the need to maintain and regularly adapt surveillance and control policies for arbovirus risk management

Evaluation et optimisation de la réponse aux risques sanitaires dus à la présence d’Aedes albopictus en France métropolitaine

Vector-borne diseases constitute emerging risks whose epidemiology is particularly influenced by global changes (globalization of trade, climate change, intensification of agriculture and livestock, loss of biodiversity, urbanization). In Europe, the establishment of an invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is increasing the risk of vector-borne diseases emergence such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Therefore, surveillance and control systems must be regularly assessed and updated in order to offer an appropriate and proportionate response to the risks and their evolution, while ensuring optimal and rational use of human and financial resources.Consequently, we implemented statistical and mathematical approaches in order to take advantage of the available data. The retrospective analysis of the imported cases into mainland France allows for the identification of the main drivers of the risk of arbovirus emergence. Using a mathematical model, we estimate parameters of transmission and vector control from the two main local transmission events of chikungunya virus that occurred in metropolitan France. Based on these estimates, various simulations were carried out in order to assess the impact of the timing of vector control implementation. In this context, we also evaluated the magnitude of the transmission according to different contexts. Finally, we conducted an exploratory study on the use of digital data from social networks to integrate human behaviors and their evolution over time in vector-borne diseases models.These various results highlight the importance of early detection of emergence situations and, consequently, the need to maintain and regularly adapt surveillance and control policies for arbovirus risk management.Les maladies à transmission vectorielle constituent un risque émergent dont l’épidémiologie est particulièrement influencée par les changements globaux. En France, l'installation d'un moustique invasif, Aedes albopictus, a fait émerger le risque de transmission d’arbovirus tels que la dengue, le chikungunya, ou encore Zika. Les systèmes de surveillance et de contrôle mis en œuvre doivent être régulièrement évalués et ajustés afin de proposer une réponse adaptée et proportionnée aux risques et à leur évolution, tout en garantissant une utilisation optimale et rationnelle des ressources humaines et financières. Face à ce constat, nous avons mis en œuvre des approches statistiques et mathématiques afin de tirer le meilleur parti des données disponibles. L’analyse rétrospective des différents cas importés en France métropolitaine a permis d'identifier les principaux facteurs associés au risque d’émergence. L’étude des deux principaux événements de transmission autochtone du virus chikungunya survenus en France métropolitaine à l’aide d’un modèle mathématique nous a ensuite permis d’estimer certains paramètres de la transmission et du contrôle des vecteurs. A partir de ces estimations, différentes simulations ont été réalisées afin d’apprécier l’ampleur des émergences selon différents scénarios. Enfin, nous avons conduit une étude exploratoire sur l’utilisation des données issues des réseaux sociaux pour intégrer les comportements humains au sein des modèles de dynamiques des maladies à transmission vectorielle. Ces différents résultats soulignent l’importance de la détection précoce des situations d’émergence et, par conséquent, la nécessité de maintenir et d’ajuster les dispositifs de surveillance et de contrôle des arboviroses dès lors que de nouvelles données sont disponibles

Les artisans d'art en France (éthiques et marchés)

En dépit des efforts de construction d un marché de l artisanat d art en France, force est de constater que ce dernier peine à s instituer comme marché unifié et autonome entre art, artisanat, industrie et amateurisme. En croisant archives, entretiens, observations et statistiques, cette thèse s attache à décrire les différents marchés de l artisanat d art existants, en montrant comment chacun d eux s articule à une conception particulière des métiers d art. S ouvrant sur la fin du XIXe siècle, la première partie explique pourquoi les représentations et pratiques de l artisanat d art se structurent aujourd hui selon le clivage institué entre art et artisanat. La seconde partie rend compte de la socialisation des artisans d art à une éthique du métier dont les caractéristiques diffèrent selon leur référence à l art ou à l artisanat. La troisième partie montre comment cette éthique, alternativement contrainte et ressource, oriente les comportements entrepreneuriaux des artisans d art.Despite noted attempts to develop an arts and crafts market in France, such a market is still struggling to achieve its unification and its autonomy from art, craft, industry and amateur work. Based on archives, interviews, observations and statistics, this thesis describes the different actual arts and crafts markets and shows how each is established around a specific concept of arts and crafts. Starting with the late nineteenth century period, the first part explains why today s representations and practices of arts and crafts are structured by the instituted divide between art on the one hand and craft on the other hand. The second part focuses on the artist-craftsmen s socialisation to a work ethic whose characteristics differ according to whether they refer to art or to craft. The third part underlines how such an ethic, a constraint and a resource alternately, shapes the entrepreneurial behaviours of artist-craftsmen.AMIENS-BU Lettres (800212104) / SudocSudocFranceF