Hiking in the landscape - the history of Europeans’ linkage to the landscape by hiking

Since remote times, man has hiked in the landscape, establishing bonds of communication and interconnection between two or more points. Hiking along trails is the means of escape for man, causing changes in the landscape, and making known sites and places. In this paper, the history of the dynamics established between the act of walking and the landscape, along with the changes in society (predominantly since the 18th century), are presented. The existence of paths in nature is older than the very existence of mankind itself. The act of walking has always been associated with the history of man, who has hiked in the landscape looking for food, making pilgrimages, marketing products, promoting sustainable mobility, tourism and healthy recreation, and contributing to the improvement of the population’s quality of life. There is a special connection to the landscape by walking. The paths are areas marked by time and by society. They are understood as a way of reading the landscape. The act of walking is associated with an art in which the pleasure is rather in sensations of the soul [37]. When we walk, we are exclusively dependent on ourselves and completely free to observe and appreciate the landscape as best suits us and with a complete tranquility [30; 37]. Knowledge of the landscape involves movement, and the best form of perceiving and establishing a close relationship with that landscape is walking. Nowadays, there is a significant increase in adherence to outdoor activities, especially walking. People are looking for new ways of being in contact with nature. A restorative effect of nature on man is, indeed, one of the fundamental aspects of this increased demand, and people walk for different reasons. Hiking in the natural landscape assumes a great importance for the maintenance of a healthy body and mind. It is important that we develop future research to improve our knowledge not only about the influence of walking in the natural landscape, related especially to the benefits it has on man’s creativity, but also to improve the knowledge about how to combine modern life with the benefits of walking in nature.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

O arquiteto-professor: a opção pela docência dos arquitetos urbanistas do estado Ceará

The discussions about the teaching profession are portrayed in various ways and in various contexts; this article aims to address it in order to understand how it was constructed the Architecture and Urbanism professors’ identity of the State of Ceará. Becoming a professor it involves a complex process of achievement that implicatein  many factors, such as the individual life of each person and the story of their educational practices. Knowing this we asked to six (06) professors from different institutions of higher education existing in the State of Cearáto know why they made the choice for teaching. We realized by reports that becoming an architecture and urbanism professor involves a complex process such as financial stability, vocation and personal fulfillment.As discussões sobre a profissão docente são retratadas de maneiras diversas e nos mais variados contextos, este artigo tem por objetivo abordá-la com o intuito de compreender como foi construída a(s) identidade(s) dos professores dos cursos de Arquitetura e Urbanismo do estado do Ceará. Tornar-se professor envolve um complexo processo de apoderação que implica muitos fatores, tais como a vida individual de cada sujeito e a história das suas práticas educativas. Sabendo disto perguntamos a 06 (seis) professores das diferentes instituições de ensino superior existentes no Estado do Ceará porque eles fizeram a opção pela docência. Percebemos pelos relatos que tornar-se professor de arquitetura e urbanismo envolve um complexo processo tais como, a estabilidade financeira, a vocação e realização pessoal

Perspectiva fenomenográfica de las concepciones del aprendizaje

[Resumen] El estudio que aquí presentamos, siguiendo una perspectiva fenomenográfica, describe las concepciones de aprendizaje de estudiantes de 9.° (14.6 años de media), 12.° (17.5 años de media) cursos y 4.° de curso de la Licenciatura en Formación de Profesorado (22.4 años de media). Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas utilizando procedimientos de análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos. Los principales objetivos del trabajo son, por una parte, la exploración de las diversas concepciones de aprendizaje de los estudiantes y su estructura y, por otra, las semejanzas y diferencias entre las concepciones procedentes de los alumnos de diferentes cursos. Los datos obtenidos muestran que la conceptualización de los estudiantes sobre el aprender se estructura en relación a tres ejes respecto del fenómeno de aprendizaje: "qué es aprender", "cómo se aprende" y "valor del aprendizaje". Se discuten sus implicaciones para el aprendizaje y organización del sistema educativo[Abstract] The aim of this study is to describe the leaming conceptions of students from the 9th grade,12th grade and the fourth year of a university degree from a phenomenographic perspective. The data was obtained via semi-structured interviews which were analysed by means of qualitative and quantitive procedures. The main objetives refer to the mapping of the various conceptions of students and their structure, as well as the similarities and differences between the conceptions of the different academic years. The results obtained show that the students' conceptions ofleaming were based on three major aspects of the learning phenomenon: one referring to what learning is, another to how we leam and finally to the value ofleaming. Implications for leaming and educational system are discussed

Marginal mandibulectomy in the surgical treatment of tonsil and retromolar trigone tumours

Resection of the ascending ramus of the mandible can result in considerable functional and esthetic damage. AIM: To compare the survival rate and local and regional recurrence in marginal and segmental mandibulectomy for advanced tonsil and retromolar trigone tumours with no mandibular invasion. PLACE AND PERIOD: Reference Head & Neck Service, between October 1994 and December 2001. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 20 stage IV patients undergoing marginal mandibulectomy and 22 undergoing segmental mandibulectomy were compared. CASE STUDY: a contemporary cross-sectional cohort study. RESULTS: Of 20 patients undergoing marginal mandibulectomy, 35% died of the disease, 15% due to local recurrence, 15% due to regional recurrence and 5% due to local and regional recurrence. Of 22 patients undergoing segmentary mandibulectomy, 36,4% died of the disease, 31,8% due to local recurrence and 13,6% due to distant recurrence. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a 55% survival rate for the marginal mandibulectomy group, and a 45% survival rate for the segmental group (p= 0.8329). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the two groups showed that conservation of the ascending ramus of the mandible, even in advanced lesions with no mandibular involvement, does not increase the recurrence rate.A ressecção do ramo ascendente da mandíbula ocasiona um déficit funcional e estético considerável. OBJETIVO: Comparar a mandibulectomia marginal e segmentar de tumores avançados de loja amigdalina e região retromolar sem envolvimento ósseo mandibular detectado no período pré-operatório, em relação à sobrevida e recidiva loco-regional. Forma de Estudo: Estudo de coorte contemporânea com corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Compararam-se 20 pacientes tratados com mandibulectomia marginal e 22 tratados com mandibulectomia segmentar de outubro de 1994 a dezembro de 2001 em serviço de referência em Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço. RESULTADOS: Dos 20 pacientes tratados com mandibulectomia marginal, 35% morreram com doença, 15% por recidiva local, 15% por recidiva regional e 5% por recidiva loco-regional. Dos 22 pacientes tratados com mandibulectomia segmentar 45,4% morreram pela doença, sendo 31,8% por recidiva local e 13,6% por recidiva à distância. Na análise pelo método de Kaplan-Meier o grupo tratado com mandibulectomia marginal apresentou uma taxa de 55%, e o grupo tratado com ressecção segmentar 45% com p= 0,8329. CONCLUSÕES: A análise dos dois grupos evidenciou que a conservação do ramo ascendente da mandíbula, mesmo em lesões avançadas, sem envolvimento mandibular, não aumenta o índice de recidiva.USP Departamento de Cirurgia PlásticaPUCCAMP Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e PescoçoUNIFESPUSPUNICAMPHeliópolisUNICAMP Departamento de GenéticaUNIFESPSciEL

PRECEPTORS TRAINING: THE FUNDAMENTAL INVESTMENT IN THE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS IN THE TRAINING OF HEALTH RESIDENTS

Objetivo: descrever a experiência de realização de um curso de formação de preceptores em um programa de residência em enfermagem em saúde mental. Método: estudo descritivo do tipo relato de experiência realizado por profissionais de saúde especialistas em enfermagem em saúde mental. O presente estudo, descreve a estruturação, elaboração, implantação/adaptação e avaliação de um curso de formação em preceptoria. Destaca-se que o curso teve 120 horas de duração, e foi baseado em metodologias ativas (Design Thinking; Gamificação; Mapa Mental; Panorama sobe e desce; Portfólio; PBL; TBL), garantindo o protagonismo dos alunos envolvidos no processo formativo. Resultados: os resultados foram positivos sob o olhar dos envolvidos, alunos e facilitadores. As metodologias utilizadas foram efetivas e bem avaliadas. E o objetivo do curso foi alcançado, sendo o curo descrito, uma boa estratégia para instrumentalização de profissionais para atuarem como preceptores. Conclusão: demarca-se a boa aceitação dos participantes e as boas avaliações que o curso recebeu. Assim,  o  presente  relato,  ao  descrever  a construção/implementação de um curso de formação em preceptoria, com base em metodologias ativas, potencializa a divulgação e conhecimento sobre a temática, além de estimular novas pesquisas sobre a temática.Objective: to describe the experience of conducting a training course for preceptors in a mental health nursing residency program. Method: descriptive study of the experience report type carried out by health professionals specializing in mental health nursing. The present study describes the structuring, elaboration, implantation/adaptation and evaluation of a training course in preceptorship. It is noteworthy that the course lasted 120 hours, and was based on active methodologies (Design Thinking; Gamification; Mind Map; Panorama up and down; Portfolio; PBL; TBL), ensuring the protagonism of students involved in the training process. Results: the results were positive in the eyes of those involved, students and facilitators. The methodologies used were effective and well evaluated. And the objective of the course was achieved, with the described course being a good strategy for equipping professionals to act as preceptors. Conclusion: the good acceptance of the participants and the good evaluations that the course received are highlighted. Thus, this report, by describing the construction/implementation of a training course in preceptorship, based on active methodologies, enhances the dissemination and knowledge on the subject, in addition to stimulating further research on the subject

FORMAÇÃO DE PRECEPTORES: UM INVESTIMENTO FUNDAMENTAL PARA O PROCESSO ENSINO APRENDIZAGEM NA FORMAÇÃO DE RESIDENTES EM SAÚDE

Objective: to describe the experience of conducting a training course for preceptors in a mental health nursing residency program. Method: descriptive study of the experience report type carried out by health professionals specializing in mental health nursing. The present study describes the structuring, elaboration, implantation/adaptation and evaluation of a training course in preceptorship. It is noteworthy that the course lasted 120 hours, and was based on active methodologies (Design Thinking; Gamification; Mind Map; Panorama up and down; Portfolio; PBL; TBL), ensuring the protagonism of students involved in the training process. Results: the results were positive in the eyes of those involved, students and facilitators. The methodologies used were effective and well evaluated. And the objective of the course was achieved, with the described course being a good strategy for equipping professionals to act as preceptors. Conclusion: the good acceptance of the participants and the good evaluations that the course received are highlighted. Thus, this report, by describing the construction/implementation of a training course in preceptorship, based on active methodologies, enhances the dissemination and knowledge on the subject, in addition to stimulating further research on the subject.Objetivo: descrever a experiência de realização de um curso de formação de preceptores em um programa de residência em enfermagem em saúde mental. Método: estudo descritivo do tipo relato de experiência realizado por profissionais de saúde especialistas em enfermagem em saúde mental. O presente estudo, descreve a estruturação, elaboração, implantação/adaptação e avaliação de um curso de formação em preceptoria. Destaca-se que o curso teve 120 horas de duração, e foi baseado em metodologias ativas (Design Thinking; Gamificação; Mapa Mental; Panorama sobe e desce; Portfólio; PBL; TBL), garantindo o protagonismo dos alunos envolvidos no processo formativo. Resultados: os resultados foram positivos sob o olhar dos envolvidos, alunos e facilitadores. As metodologias utilizadas foram efetivas e bem avaliadas. E o objetivo do curso foi alcançado, sendo o curo descrito, uma boa estratégia para instrumentalização de profissionais para atuarem como preceptores. Conclusão: demarca-se a boa aceitação dos participantes e as boas avaliações que o curso recebeu. Assim,  o  presente  relato,  ao  descrever  a construção/implementação de um curso de formação em preceptoria, com base em metodologias ativas, potencializa a divulgação e conhecimento sobre a temática, além de estimular novas pesquisas sobre a temática

Unlocking the in vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of halophyte plants from the southern Portugal

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) activity of organic extracts prepared from halophyte species collected in the southern coast of Portugal (Algarve), and chemically characterize the most active samples.Methods: Acetone, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were prepared from 31 halophyte species and tested in vitro against trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of the Tulahuen strain of T. cruzi. The most active extract was fractionated by preparative HPLC-DAD, affording 11 fractions. The most selective fraction was fully characterized by H-1 NMR.Results: From 94 samples tested, one was active, namely the root dichloromethane extract of Juncus acutus (IC50 < 20 mu g/mL). This extract was fractionated by HPLC, affording 11 fractions, one of them containing only a pure compound (juncunol), and tested for anti-parasitic activity. Fraction 8 (IC50 = 4.1 mu g/mL) was the most active, and was further characterized by H-1 NMR. The major compounds were phenanthrenes, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes and benzocoumarins.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the compounds identified in fraction 8 are likely responsible for the observed anti parasitic activity. Further research is in progress aiming to isolate and identify the specific active molecules. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the in vitro anti T. cruzi activity of halophyte species.PROEP/CNPq/FIOCRUZ 401988/2012-0; FCT/CAPES 2358, 2014/201

Fast determination of 40 drugs in water using large volume direct injection liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

This work describes a rapid analytical method based on direct sample injection of water samples for the simultaneous identification/quantification of 40 emerging compounds, including pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse. The water samples were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC–MS/MS QqQ). Taking profit of the increasing sensitivity of nowadays tandem mass spectrometers, direct sample injection of large volumes has been an attractive alternative to pre-concentration steps. In this work, the developed methodology has been validated at three concentration levels (10, 100 and 1000 ng/L) in 10 different water samples of different types (5 effluent wastewater and 5 surface water samples). The majority of compounds could be satisfactory validated at these concentrations, showing good recoveries and precision. With only few exceptions, the limits of quantification (LOQs), estimated from the sample chromatogram at lowest spiked level tested, were below 3 ng/L. The method was applied to the analysis of 10 effluent wastewater and 10 surface water samples. Venlafaxine was the compound most frequently detected (80%) in surface water, followed by acetaminophen (70%). Regarding effluent wastewater, valsartan and 4-acetyl aminoantipyrine were detected in 9 out of 10 samples analyzed. These two compounds together with 4-formyl aminoantipyrine and naproxen showed the highest concentrations (>2000 ng/L). In these cases, a dilution step was required for a correct quantification. As an additional evaluation of the method performance, the same water samples were analyzed in another laboratory by a second analytical methodology, based on on-line solid-phase-extraction coupled to LC–MS/MS (QqQ).The authors are very grateful to Serveis Centrals d׳Instrumentació Científica (SCIC) of University Jaume I for using the Xevo TQS mass spectrometer. The financial support of the Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (CDTIIDI-20110823/EXP00044257), of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (Ref CTQ2012-36189) and of Generalitat Valenciana (research group of excellence PROMETEO/2009/054; Collaborative Research on Environment and Food Safety, ISIC/2012/016) is acknowledged

Co-Loading of Ascorbic Acid and Tocopherol in Eudragit-Nutriosomes to Counteract Intestinal Oxidative Stress

The present study aimed at developing a new vesicular formulation capable of promoting the protective effect of ascorbic acid and tocopherol against intestinal oxidative stress damage, and their efficacy in intestinal wound healing upon oral administration. A pH-dependent copolymer (Eudragit® L100), a water-soluble prebiotic fibre (Nutriose® FM06), a phospholipid mixture (Lipoid S75), and two natural antioxidants (ascorbic acid and tocopherol) were combined to fabricate eudragit-nutriosomes by a simple, solvent-free procedure. The vesicles were spherical and oligolamellar, with some multicompartment structures in Eudragit-nutriosomes, small in size (~100 nm), with highly negative zeta potential. The effect of Eudragit® and Nutriose® on the stability on storage and in simulated gastrointestinal fluids were confirmed by the Turbiscan® technology and in vitro studies, respectively. Eudragit-nutriosomes exhibited a protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress, and a proliferative effect in Caco-2 cells, as they provided the closure of the scratched area after 96 h of incubation. Keywords: Eudragit, Nutriose, phospholipid vesicles, antioxidant, intestinal wound healin

COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF TEST TENSIL OF WOODS WITH REINFORCEMENT OF RESINED LAMINATES OF FIBERS OF GLASS AND CARBON

O conhecimento de reforço exige do projetista uma ampla visão do comportamento teórico e prático seja qual for o material da estrutura. No caso, as estruturas de madeiras possuem a característica de poder trocar peças danificadas. Porém, ao invés de trocar uma peça pode-se reforçá-la localmente, ou até a peça como um todo. Dessa forma, um dos métodos utilizados é o reforço usando fibras como, por exemplo, carbono, aramida ou vidro. Assim, para entender melhor o comportamento desse reforço este trabalho visou realizar uma modelagem numérica de peças de madeira cortadas ao meio, sujeitas à tração e reforçadas com fibras de carbono ou vidro. A modelagem é realizada a partir de uma pesquisa de referência, onde foi reforçada à madeira de Eucalyptus grandis in natura e autoclavada, com o uso do adesivo epóxi e ensaiada à tração. Vale ressaltar que a madeira é cortada ao meio. Sendo assim, a transferência de tração das seções cortadas é feita apenas pelo reforço fibroso. A modelagem desenvolvida no programa DIANA ®, é realizada a partir desses ensaios e então validada. A validação ocorre via força máxima e modos de ruptura. Depois de validado o comportamento da malha, varia-se a taxa de área de reforço, de carbono e vidro, na madeira. A partir dessa análise paramétrica, verifica-se qual a influência da variação da taxa de área de reforço na resistência final à tração da madeira reforçada e seus modos de ruptura.Reinforcement knowledge demands from the designer a broad view of theoretical and practical behavior for the material of the structure. In this case, as wood structures have a characteristic of being able to exchange damaged parts. However, instead of changing a piece one can reinforce it locally, or even a piece as a whole. Thus, one of the methods used and the reinforcement of fibers such as, for example, carbon, aramid or glass. Thus, in order to better understand the behavior of this work in this work, the aim was to perform a numerical modeling of wood pieces cut in half, subjected to traction and reinforced with carbon or glass fibers. The modeling is carried out from a reference research, where the wood of Eucalyptus grandis in natura and autoclaved was introduced, with the use of epoxy and tested by traction. It is worth mentioning that a wood is cut in half. Thus, a transfer of traction from the cut sections is done only by the fibrous reflux. The modeling developed in the DIANA ® program is carried out from tests and then validated. Validation occurs via maximum force and burst modes. After validating the behavior of the mesh, a rate of reinforcement area, carbon and glass, varies in the wood. From this parametric analysis, it is verified the influence of the variation of the area of reinforcement on the final resistance to the traction of the reinforced wood and its modes of rupture