Cost/efficacy analysis of preferred Spanish AIDS study group regimens and the dual therapy with LPV/r+3TC for initial ART in HIV infected adults.

INTRODUCTION: The National AIDS Plan and the Spanish AIDS study group (GESIDA) panel of experts propose 'preferred regimens' of antiretroviral treatment (ART) as initial therapy in HIV-infected patients for 2013 [1]. All these regimens are triple therapy regimens. The Gardel Study assessed the efficacy and safety of a dual therapy (DT) combination of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) 400/100 mg BID+ lamivudine (3TC) 150 mg BID [2]. The objective of this study is to evaluate the costs and efficiency of initiating treatment with the GESIDA 'preferred regimens' and DT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Economic assessment of costs and efficiency (cost/efficacy) through decision tree analysis models. Efficacy was defined as the probability of having viral load <50 copies/mL at week 48, in an intention-to-treat analysis. Cost of initiating treatment with an ART regime was defined as the costs of ART and its consequences (adverse effects, changes of ART regime and drug resistance tests) during the first 48 weeks. The payer perspective (Spanish National Health System) was applied considering only differential direct costs: ART (official prizes), management of adverse effects, resistance tests, and determination of HLA B*5701. The setting is Spain and the costs are those of 2013. A sensitivity deterministic analysis was conducted, building three scenarios for each regime: base, most favourable and most unfavourable cases. RESULTS: In the base case scenario, the cost of initiating treatment ranges from 5138 euros for DT, to 12,059 euros for tenofovir DF/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC)+raltegravir (RAL). The efficacy ranges between 0.66 for abacavir (ABC)/3TC+LPV/r and ABC/3TC+atazanavir (ATV)/r, and 0.88 for DT. Efficiency, in terms of cost/efficacy, varies between 5817 and 13,930 euros per responder at 48 weeks, for DT and TDF/FTC+RAL respectively. DT is the most efficient regimen in the most favourable (5503 euros per responder) and most unfavourable (6169 euros per responder) scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the ART official Spanish prizes, the most efficient regimen was DT, followed by the triple therapy with non-nucleoside containing regimens. The sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of these findings

Closing the residential energy loop: Grey-water heat recovery system for domestic hot water production based on heat pumps

[EN] Passive houses linked to more efficient heating and cooling technologies have been one of the focus in last years. However, to close the loop of the building sector, there is still one open source: wasted heat from grey water. This paper addresses the potentiality of the wasted heat from grey water as a heat source to produce domestic hot water (DHW) based on a heat pump system (HP). A heat pump optimized for these applications, a heat recovery heat exchanger and two variable volume storage tanks compose the system. The main objective of this work is to determine the potential recovery of the wasted heat in order to minimize the building energy consumption. Design guidelines of the components and the analysis of an optimum operation algorithm of the system have been performed in order to minimize CO2 emissions. In addition, an evaluation of the potential heat recovery of the wasted heat is included. As an example, that methodology has been applied to 20 dwellings. Based on that case, the obtained results demonstrate that by recovering 80% of the available recovery heat, the total demand of DHW is satisfied with high levels of comfort and efficiency.Part of the work presented was carried out by Estefania Hervas Blasco with the financial support of a PhD scholarship from the Spanish government SFPI1500 x074478XV0. The authors would like also to acknowledge the Spanish `Ministerio de Economia Y Competitividad', through the project "Maximizacion de la Eficiencia Y Minimizacion del Impacto Ambiental de Bombas de Calor Para la Descarbonizacion de la Calefaccion/ACS EN Los Edificios de Consumo Casi Nulo" with the reference ENE2017-83665-C2-1-P for the given support.Hervás-Blasco, E.; Navarro-Peris, E.; Corberán, JM. (2020). Closing the residential energy loop: Grey-water heat recovery system for domestic hot water production based on heat pumps. Energy and Buildings. 216:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109962S115216García-Álvarez, M. 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Energy Conversion and Management, 88, 700-722. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.065Spriet, J., & McNabola, A. (2019). Decentralized drain water heat recovery from commercial kitchens in the hospitality sector. Energy and Buildings, 194, 247-259. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.04.032Baek, N. C., Shin, U. C., & Yoon, J. H. (2005). A study on the design and analysis of a heat pump heating system using wastewater as a heat source. Solar Energy, 78(3), 427-440. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.07.009Nehm G., Nehme G., Palandre L., Clodic D.Purdue e-Pubs high efficiency heat pump for domestic hot water generation2008.Dar, U. I., Sartori, I., Georges, L., & Novakovic, V. (2014). Advanced control of heat pumps for improved flexibility of Net-ZEB towards the grid. Energy and Buildings, 69, 74-84. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.10.019Cecchinato, L., Corradi, M., Fornasieri, E., & Zamboni, L. (2005). Carbon dioxide as refrigerant for tap water heat pumps: A comparison with the traditional solution. 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Seasonal performance assessment of sanitary hot water production systems using propane and CO 2 heat pumps. International Journal of Refrigeration, 74, 224-239. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.09.026Jensen, J. B., & Skogestad, S. (2007). Optimal operation of simple refrigeration cycles. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 31(5-6), 712-721. doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2006.12.003Pitarch, M., Navarro-Peris, E., Gonzálvez-Maciá, J., & Corberán, J. M. (2017). Evaluation of different heat pump systems for sanitary hot water production using natural refrigerants. Applied Energy, 190, 911-919. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.166Koeln, J. P., & Alleyne, A. G. (2014). Optimal subcooling in vapor compression systems via extremum seeking control: Theory and experiments. International Journal of Refrigeration, 43, 14-25. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.03.012Hervas-Blasco, E., Pitarch, M., Navarro-Peris, E., & Corberán, J. M. (2018). Study of different subcooling control strategies in order to enhance the performance of a heat pump. International Journal of Refrigeration, 88, 324-336. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.02.003Chow, T. T., Pei, G., Fong, K. F., Lin, Z., Chan, A. L. S., & He, M. (2010). Modeling and application of direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump for water heating in subtropical Hong Kong. Applied Energy, 87(2), 643-649. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.05.036Baek N.C., Shin U.C., Yoon J.H.A study on the design and analysis of a heat pump heating system using wastewater as a heat source2004. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.07.009.REULENS, W., ‘Natural refrigerant CO2 edited by Walter Reulens October 2009 (Leonardo project)’ http://www.atmosphere2009.com/files/NaReCO2-handbook-2009.pdf.Tammaro, M., Montagud, C., Corberán, J. M., Mauro, A. W., & Mastrullo, R. (2015). A propane water-to-water heat pump booster for sanitary hot water production: Seasonal performance analysis of a new solution optimizing COP. International Journal of Refrigeration, 51, 59-69. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.12.008Spriet, J., & McNabola, A. (2019). Decentralized drain water heat recovery: A probabilistic method for prediction of wastewater and heating system interaction. Energy and Buildings, 183, 684-696. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.11.036Hervás-Blasco, E., Navarro-Peris, E., & Corberán, J. M. (2019). Optimal design and operation of a central domestic hot water heat pump system for a group of dwellings employing low temperature waste heat as a source. Energy, 188, 115979. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.115979Ferrantelli, A., Ahmed, K., Pylsy, P., & Kurnitski, J. (2017). Analytical modelling and prediction formulas for domestic hot water consumption in residential Finnish apartments. Energy and Buildings, 143, 53-60. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.021Zhen L., Lin D.M., Shu H.W., Jiang S., Zhu Y.X. District cooling and heating with seawater as heat source and sink in Dalian, China. vol. 32. 2007. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2006.12.015.Torío, H., & Schmidt, D. (2010). Development of system concepts for improving the performance of a waste heat district heating network with exergy analysis. Energy and Buildings, 42(10), 1601-1609. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.04.002Lund, H., Werner, S., Wiltshire, R., Svendsen, S., Thorsen, J. E., Hvelplund, F., & Mathiesen, B. V. (2014). 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH). Energy, 68, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089Alnahhal S., Spremberg E.Contribution to exemplary in-house wastewater heat recovery in Berlin, 2016;40:35–40. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.01.046.Baek N.C., Shin U.C., Yoon J.H. A study on the design and analysis of a heat pump heating system using wastewater as a heat source2004. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.07.009.Ni, L., Lau, S. K., Li, H., Zhang, T., Stansbury, J. S., Shi, J., & Neal, J. (2012). Feasibility study of a localized residential grey water energy-recovery system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 39, 53-62. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.01.031Bertrand, A., Aggoune, R., & Maréchal, F. (2017). In-building waste water heat recovery: An urban-scale method for the characterisation of water streams and the assessment of energy savings and costs. Applied Energy, 192, 110-125. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.096Liu, L., Fu, L., & Jiang, Y. (2010). Application of an exhaust heat recovery system for domestic hot water. Energy, 35(3), 1476-1481. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.12.004Chen, W., Liang, S., Guo, Y., Cheng, K., Gui, X., & Tang, D. (2013). Investigation on the thermal performance and optimization of a heat pump water heater assisted by shower waste water. Energy and Buildings, 64, 172-181. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.04.021McNabola, A., & Shields, K. (2013). Efficient drain water heat recovery in horizontal domestic shower drains. Energy and Buildings, 59, 44-49. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.12.026Wong, L. T., Mui, K. W., & Guan, Y. (2010). Shower water heat recovery in high-rise residential buildings of Hong Kong. Applied Energy, 87(2), 703-709. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.08.008Postrioti, L., Baldinelli, G., Bianchi, F., Buitoni, G., Maria, F. D., & Asdrubali, F. (2016). An experimental setup for the analysis of an energy recovery system from wastewater for heat pumps in civil buildings. Applied Thermal Engineering, 102, 961-971. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.04.016Hervas-Blasco, E., Pitarch, M., Navarro-Peris, E., & Corberán, J. M. (2017). Optimal sizing of a heat pump booster for sanitary hot water production to maximize benefit for the substitution of gas boilers. Energy, 127, 558-570. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.131TRNSYS 17. 2009.Fischer, D., Wolf, T., Scherer, J., & Wille-Haussmann, B. (2016). A stochastic bottom-up model for space heating and domestic hot water load profiles for German households. Energy and Buildings, 124, 120-128. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.069Federal ministry for the environment nature conservation and nuclear safety. Wasserverbrauch im haushalt | media | BMU2013. https://www.bmu.de/media/wasserverbrauch-im-haushalt/(Accessed 15 November 2018).Saker, D., Vahdati, M., Coker, P. J., & Millward, S. (2015). Assessing the benefits of domestic hot fill washing appliances. Energy and Buildings, 93, 282-294. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.02.027Hasan, A. A., Goswami, D. Y., & Vijayaraghavan, S. (2002). First and second law analysis of a new power and refrigeration thermodynamic cycle using a solar heat source. Solar Energy, 73(5), 385-393. doi:10.1016/s0038-092x(02)00113-

Geomatic methods applied to the change study of the la Paúl Rock Glacier, Spanish Pyrenees

Producción CientíficaRock glaciers are one of the most important features of the mountain permafrost in the Pyrenees. La Paúl is an active rock glacier located in the north face of the Posets massif in the La Paúl glacier cirque (Spanish Pyrenees). This study presents the preliminary results of the La Paúl rock glacier monitoring works carried out through two geomatic technologies since 2013: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) devices. Displacements measured on the rock glacier surface have demonstrated both the activity of the rock glacier and the utility of this equipment for the rock glaciers dynamic analysis. The glacier has exhibited the fastest displacements on its west side (over 35 cm yr-1), affected by the Little Ice Age, and frontal area (over 25 cm yr-1). As an indicator of permafrost in marginal environments and its peculiar morphology, La Paúl rock glacier encourages a more prolonged study and to the application of more geomatic techniques for its detailed analysis.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project CGL2015-68144-R)Junta de Extremadura - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project GR10071

Optimal sizing of a heat pump booster for sanitary hot water production to maximize benefit for the substitution of gas boilers

[EN] Heat recovery from water sources such as sewage water or condensation loops at low temperatures (usually between 10 and 30 °C) is becoming very valuable. Heat pumps are a potential technology able to overcome the high water temperature lift of the Sanitary Hot Water (SHW) application (usually from 10 °C to 60 °C with COPs up to 6). This paper presents a model to find the optimal size of a system (heat pump and recovery heat exchanger) based on water sources to produce SHW compared to the conventional production with a gas boiler in order to maximize the benefit. The model includes a thermal and economic analysis for a base case and analyzes the influence of a wide set of parameters which could have a significant influence. Even the uncertainties involved, results point out considerable benefits from this substitution based on the capacity of the system. Thus, demonstrating the importance of the optimal size analysis before an investment is done.Part of the work presented was carried by Estefania Hervas Blasco with the financial support of a PhD scholarship from the Spanish government SFPI1500X074478XV0. Part of the work presented was carried by Miguel Pitarch-Mocholi with the financial support of a PhD scholarship from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. The authors would like also to acknowledge the Spanish 'MINISTERIO DE ECONOMIA Y COMPETITIVIDAD', through the project ref-ENE2014-53311-C2-1-P-AR "Aprovechamiento del calor residual a baja temperatura mediante bombas de calor para la produccion de agua caliente" for the given supportHervas-Blasco, E.; Pitarch, M.; Navarro-Peris, E.; Corberán, JM. (2017). Optimal sizing of a heat pump booster for sanitary hot water production to maximize benefit for the substitution of gas boilers. Energy. 127:558-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.13155857012

Exergy analysis on a heat pump working between a heat sink and a heat source of finite heat capacity rate

[EN] The optimum performance of a pure subcritical refrigeration cycle depends significantly on the temperature lift of the heat source and sink. Therefore, the maximization of the system efficiency has to be linked to them. This paper shows an exergy analysis of each heat pump component (condenser, evaporator, expansion valve and compressor) considering that the heat source and sink are not at constant temperature. The performed study shows the components with more possibilities for improvement. Based on this analysis, the optimization of cycle parameters like subcooling and superheat as a function of the external conditions have been done. In addition, this work has demonstrated that the components having a higher influence in the system irreversibility's depends significantly on the temperature lift of the secondary fluids. Finally, the obtained results show potentials improvements of the efficiency up to 23% if the system is able to operate in the optimal subcooling and superheat.Part of the results of this study were developed in the mainframe of the FP7 European project 'Next Generation of Heat Pumps workingwith natural fluids' (NxtHPG). Part of the work presented was carried by Miquel Pitarch with the financial support of a PhD scholarship from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. Part of the work presented was carried by Estefania Hervas-Blasco with the financial support of a Ph.D. scholarship from the Spanish government SFPI1500X074478XV. The authors would like also to acknowledge the Spanish 'MINISTERIO DE ECONOMIA Y COMPETITIVIDAD', through the Project ENE2017-83665-C2-1-P, "Maximizacion de la Eficiencia y Minimizacion del Impacto Ambiental de Bombas de Calor para la descarbonizacion de la calefaccion/ACS en los proximos edificios de consumo energetico casi nulo" for the given support.Pitarch, M.; Hervás-Blasco, E.; Navarro-Peris, E.; Corberán, JM. (2019). Exergy analysis on a heat pump working between a heat sink and a heat source of finite heat capacity rate. International Journal of Refrigeration. 99:337-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.11.044S3373509

Potential fuel saving in a powertrain derived from the recovery of the main energy losses for a long haul European mission

[EN] The reduction of automotive fuel consumption and emissions remains one of the main challenges. This paper presents the potential fuel saving in a CNG-powertrain derived from the recovery of the main energy losses. The analysis includes the kinetic energy recovery by a belt starter generator (BSG), the exhaust gas waste heat recuperation by using in a cascade approach, a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and a turbo-generator (TBG)- and the electrification of the main auxiliaries. An additional 48 V board net as well as the addition of a storage system are also included in the study. To support on the design phase of the project and in the operation strategy, a dynamic model in Matlab/Simulink (R) has been used. The model includes all the new components/major changes required in the vehicle- experimentally validated-. It has been used on backward simulations for the ACEA long haul mission in order to maximize the vehicle's efficiency. Estimations at rating point (600 Nm and 1200 rpm) result in an electric production up to 4 kW h and a fuel saving of 7.5%. The most convenient technologies in the ACEA cycle turns out to be the KERs followed by the TBG.This work has been developed in the frame of the project of the European Seventh Union Framework Program by the project High efficiency energy conversion for future heavy duty transport High efficiency energy conversion for future heavy duty transport GASTone grant agreement 605456. The authors are grateful for the given support.Hervas-Blasco, E.; Navarro-Peris, E.; De Rosa, M.; Corberán, JM. (2017). Potential fuel saving in a powertrain derived from the recovery of the main energy losses for a long haul European mission. Energy Conversion and Management. 150:485-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.08.01848549915

Distinct complexing trends of chitosan with toxic metals (PO1-24)

We have been able to prove that not only adsorption but also complexation of different metals (Pb, Cd, Mo, Cu, Zn and Cr) actually takes place in acetate buffer (pH=4) with Chitosans of different molecular weights and deacetylation degrees. Depending on the different electrochemical behaviour on mercury electrode of studied metals and the nature of the resulting complexes, diverse approaches have been used. Chitosan molecular weight and concentration had been seen to play a key role in the Chitosan binding activity with Zn, Pb and Cd, as reported elsewhere[1]. Length of Chitosan chains influences the degree of complexation with both Cr and Mo, while Cu binding capacity remains independent of the molecular weight of the assayed polymers. The larger the polymer chain length the higher the number of amino group available for the retention of both Cr and Mo within the tridimensional structure of the acting ligand. This is consistent with a predominant intra-chain linkage of both metal atoms. On the contrary, in the case of Cu, an inter-layer binding mechanism is proposed as the main retention factor by Chitosan

DNA polymorphism analysis of Brucella lipopolysaccharide genes reveals marked differences in O-polysaccharide biosynthetic genes between smooth and rough Brucella species and novel species-specific markers

Background: The lipopolysaccharide is a major antigen and virulence factor of Brucella, an important bacterial pathogen. In smooth brucellae, lipopolysaccharide is made of lipid A-core oligosaccharide and N-formylperosamine O-polysaccharide. B. ovis and B. canis (rough species) lack the O-polysaccharide. Results: The polymorphism of O-polysaccharide genes wbkE, manA(O-Ag), manB(O-Ag), manC(O-Ag), wbkF and wbkD) and wbo (wboA and wboB), and core genes manB(core) and wa** was analyzed. Although most genes were highly conserved, species- and biovar-specific restriction patterns were found. There were no significant differences in putative N-formylperosamyl transferase genes, suggesting that Brucella A and M serotypes are not related to specific genes. In B. pinnipedialis and B. ceti (both smooth), manB(O-Ag) carried an IS711, confirming its dispensability for perosamine synthesis. Significant differences between smooth and rough species were found in wbkF and wbkD, two adjacent genes putatively related to bactoprenol priming for O-polysaccharide polymerization. B. ovis wbkF carried a frame-shift and B. canis had a long deletion partially encompassing both genes. In smooth brucellae, this region contains two direct repeats suggesting the deletion mechanism. Conclusion: The results define species and biovar markers, confirm the dispensability of manB(O-Ag) for O-polysaccharide synthesis and contribute to explain the lipopolysaccharide structure of rough and smooth Brucella species

Evaluación de la plataforma Moodle, en la formación semipresencial, de entrenadores personales y deportivos

Existen numerosas experiencias previas en la formación virtual a distancia en diferentes temáticas. El presente estudio es una valoración, por parte del alumnado, del desarrollo, validez y utilización de la plataforma moodle, como herramienta de formación virtual en un curso de modalidad semi-presencial de Experto Universitario en Entrenador Personal y Deportivo. El curso se desarrollo de enero a junio del 2007, existiendo 6 fines de semana donde se realizaron clases presenciales, siendo la plataforma el medio de comunicación, transmisión de información y feedback entre alumnos y profesorado. La evaluación del curso se ha realizado mediante la utilización de un cuestionario, elaborado para la ocasión, que los alumnos han cumplimentado al finalizar el mismo. Los resultados obtenidos indican que los alumnos disponen de facilidad para acceder a medios informáticos y la utilización de los mismos. Presentan un grado de satisfacción alto respecto al contenido del curso, al desarrollo del mismo y al resultado final de aprendizaje, que valoran de forma subjetiva. Como conclusión el grado de satisfacción general del alumnado ha sido positivo respecto a esta primera experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje virtual

Meta-omic evaluation of bacterial microbial community structure and activity for the environmental assessment of soils: Overcoming protein extraction pitfalls

Microorganisms play unique, essential and integral roles in the biosphere. This work aims to assess the utility of soil´s metaomics for environmental diagnosis. Doñana National Park (DNP) was selected as a natural lab, since it contains a strictly protected core that is surrounded by numerous threats of pollution. Culture-independent high-throughput molecular tools were used to evaluate the alterations of the global structure and metabolic activities of the microbiome. 16S rRNA sequencing shows lower bacterial abundance and diversity in areas historically exposed to contamination that surround DNP. For metaproteomics, an innovative post-alkaline protein extraction protocol was developed. After NaOH treatment, successive washing with Tris-HCl buffer supplemented with glycerol was essential to eliminate interferences. Starting from soils with different physico-chemical characteristics, the method renders proteins with a remarkable resolution on SDS-PAGE gels. The proteins extracted were analyzed by using an in-house database constructed from the rRNA data. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 2,182 non-redundant proteins, with 135 showing significant differences in relative abundance in the soils around DNP. Relevant global biological processes were altered in response to the environmental changes, such as: protective and antioxidant mechanisms, translation, folding and homeostasis of proteins, membrane transport and aerobic respiratory metabolism