Excess mortality during COVID-19 in 5 european countries and a critique of mortality data analysis

Introdução A pandemia COVID-19 é um evento que tem perturbado vidas, sistemas de saúde e economias em todo o mundo. Faltam dados claros sobre o impacto da pandemia, nomeadamente relativos à mortalidade. O seu impacto na mortalidade por todas as causas pode ser direto, devido a mortes por COVID-19, mas também indireto, através de alterações nos cuidados de saúde e comportamentos individuais centrados no combate à pandemia. Objetivo Este trabalho analisa o impacto da COVID-19, através da análise de dados de mortalidade por todas as causas disponibilizados por diferentes países europeus, e faz uma crítica aos sistemas de vigilância de mortalidade Métodos Foram escolhidos países europeus com dados disponíveis publicamente sobre o número de mortes diárias/semanais (Inglaterra e Gales, França, Itália, Países Baixos e Portugal). Dois métodos diferentes foram selecionados para estimar o excesso de mortalidade: desvio do valor esperado com base em períodos homólogos, e o resto após decomposição sazonal por séries temporais. Estimámos mortalidade total e por grupo etário. Comparámos ainda diferentes políticas de resposta à COVID-19 dirigidas aos cuidados de saúde e ao distanciamento social. Resultados Foi encontrado um excesso de mortalidade nos 5 países, com valores entre 6,3% em Portugal e 81,5% em Itália. O excesso de mortalidade é provavelmente maior do que o número de mortes atribuídas à COVID-19 em 4 dos 5 países. Discussão O impacto da COVID-19 na mortalidade parece ser maior que as mortes que lhe são oficialmente atribuídas, mas em diferentes graus nos diferentes países analisados. Diferentes políticas podem explicar parte desta diferença. Comparações entre países, embora úteis, são difíceis devido às grande disparidades nos sistemas de vigilância de mortalidade. Uma falta generalizada de dados sobre mortalidade por causa específica e a baixa fiabilidade dos dados sobre mortalidade por todas as causas limitam um maior entendimento do impacto das escolhas políticas, tanto nas mortes diretas como indiretas, durante a pandemia COVID-19. Apesar disto, dos países estudados, o sistema de vigilância de mortalidade português parece ser o mais preciso e fidedigno.Intro The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing event disrupting lives, health systems, and economies worldwide. Clear data about the pandemic's impact is lacking, namely regarding mortality. Its impact on all-cause mortality can be direct, due to deaths by COVID-19, but also indirect, through pandemic-oriented changes in healthcare organizations and peoples' behaviours. Aim This work aims to study the impact of COVID-19 through the analysis of all-cause mortality data made available by different european countries, and to critique their mortality surveillance systems. Methods European countries that had publicly available data about the number of deaths per day/week were selected (England and Wales, France, Italy, Netherlands and Portugal). Two different methods were selected to estimate the excess mortality due to COVID19: deviation from the expected value from homologue periods, and remainder after seasonal time series decomposition. We estimate total and age-specific all-cause excess mortality. Furthermore, we compare different policy responses to COVID-19 regarding health care and social distancing. Results Excess mortality is found in all 5 countries, ranging from 6.3% in Portugal to 81.5% in Italy. Furthermore, excess mortality is likely higher than COVID-attributed deaths in 4 of the 5 countries. Discussion The impact of COVID-19 on mortality appears to go far beyond the officially attributed deaths, but with varying degrees in different countries. Different policies may explain part of this difference. Comparisons between countries would be useful, but are difficult due to large disparities in mortality surveillance systems. A generalized lack of cause-specific mortality data and unreliable data for all-cause mortality undermines the understanding of the impact of policy choices on both direct and indirect deaths during COVID-19. Nonetheless, from the studied countries, the Portuguese mortality surveillance system appears to be the most accurate and reliable

Aproximación multidisciplinar a la supervisión del practicum en las carreras de educación, medicina, odontología, informática, comunicación y documentación

Memoria ID-035. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2013-2014

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

A critique of health justice theories and a UBI scheme as paradigm for new public health interventions

Dissertação de mestrado em Filosofia PolíticaAs diversas propostas de teorias da justiça em saúde têm falhas conceptuais ao nível da uni-dade utilizada para aferir a justiça e ao nível do padrão sugerido. O uso de desigualdades em saúde para aferir justiça em saúde peca por perder informação essencial para fazer juízos morais e por ter lugar demasiado tarde, impedindo a correção das injustiças e não permitindo intervenções no sentido de pro-mover a saúde e prevenir a doença. Uma possível solução para o problema é o uso de uma unidade mais “a montante”, como a capacidade ou as oportunidades de ser saudável. Este trabalho inclui ainda uma crítica ao uso da responsabilidade individual como fator nos juízos sobre a justiça em saúde e sobretudo sobre potenciais consequências. Por fim, encerra com um teste da compatibilidade entre o RBI e as teorias da justiça, que se conclui ser tendencialmente positivo.Existing proposals for health justice theories have flaws both due to its currency and to its pattern of justice. The use of health inequalities in health justice considerations implies losing crucial information for making moral judgements and shifts justice towards a later stage in time, undermining the correction of injustices and disallowing health-promotion and disease-prevention interventions. A pos-sible solution to this problem is the use of a currency that judges at an earlier stage, such as opportunities or capabilities to be healthy. This work also includes a criticism of individual responsibility in health justice reasonings and rulings. Lastly, we end this work with a compatibility test between UBI and health justice, which we conclude is likely positive

Simposio Internacional de Investigación Educativa y Pedagógica

El 4º. Simposio Internacional de Investigación Educativa y Pedagógica de la Red SUE Caribe, es un encuentro que reúne periódicamente a académicos nacionales y extranjeros de reconocida presencia y trayectoria, a estudiantes de maestría y doctorado y a maestros investigadores, que se concentran durante las jornadas agendadas del evento. Se constituye así un escenario propicio para la socialización de resultados de investigación, la reflexión y el debate alrededor de asuntos actuales en educación, pedagogía, psicología del aprendizaje, sobre las didácticas emergentes tecnología aplicada a la gestión de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje y en relación con el desarrollo humano y social.Presentación 12Líneas temáticas por mesas de trabajo 14Mesa 1. Didáctica, Mediación pedagógica y tecnologías en contextos vulnerables 15Percepciones sobre la influencia de un programa apoyado en TIC en relación con las prácticas de actividad física y deportiva de estudiantes de la Institución Educativa Rancho Grande de Montería. María Julia Caldera Quintero - Yina Paola Pérez Siyag 16Aplicación de estrategias cognitivas y metacognitivas en el uso del castellano escrito en estudiantes con discapacidad auditiva. Mercedes del Carmen Pico Aycardi 18Aprendizaje colaborativo con ambientes de liderazgo en el desarrollo del componente geométrico métrico. Lenis Judith Sierra Llorente – Juana Raquel Robles González 20Escenario de construcción conjunta del conocimiento mediado por las TIC en el área de filosofía en la Institución Educativa Normal Superior de Sahagún-Córdoba. Dayro Ruiz Araujo - Andrés Mercado Herazo 22Programa de formación docente para el mejoramiento de la lectura crítica de estudiantes de pregrado: una intervención formativa con docentes de la Universidad de Córdoba. Ibeth Morales Escobar – Arnaldo Peinado Méndez - Sonia Jerez Rodríguez 24Las prácticas de enseñanza. Un estudio interpretativo en las instituciones de la subregión sabanas del Departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Edy Luz Castro De Rodríguez 26Modelos pedagógicos y factores identitarios en las prácticas de enseñanza en contextos emergentes. Adriana Cristina Pérez Aguilar 28Rol del tutor durante los diálogos de reflexión desarrollados con futuros docentes mediatizados con video. Ceferina Cabrera Félix - Jesús Salcedo –Martha Serrata Taveras 30Desarrollo del pensamiento aleatorio a través de la utilización de un entorno virtual de aprendizaje en estudiantes de básica secundaria. Anny Leidys Valero Peña – Francisco Antonio Avilez Aguas – Juana Raquel Robles González 32Efectos de un programa de géneros textuales y la incidencia de factores sociodemográficos en los desempeños de lectura crítica. Diana Arroyo -Tatiana Becerra Posada – Antonio Oviedo Acosta 34El conocimiento glocal para alentar la confianza al hablar inglés: investigación-acción en una secundaria de Cartagena. Maryuris Vanessa Pérez Salcedo 36Los textos multimodales una estrategia didáctica para la inclusión educativa. Maura Paola Hoyos Carvajal - María Fernanda Martínez Garcés - Ludwig Isabel Segura Bermúdez 38Didáctica Ecoformadora para el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora de una lengua extranjera. Zaily Patricia Del Toro García 40Desarrollo de la competencia científica “indagación” a partir de la vivencia filosófica en los educandos de Básica Primaria. Un análisis desde sus fundamentos teóricos. Dina Villar Ortega - Nataly López Conde 42La estrategia metacognitiva y didáctica “Bitácora MAP” para el desarrollo del aprendizaje significativo en ciencias naturales en estudiantes del Alto San Jorge- Córdoba. Diana Sofía Blanquicet Arrieta - José Pantaleón Barrera Sierra 44Las concepciones del currículo y las prácticas curriculares de los docentes. Una revisión sistemática de literatura. Brianda Isabel Vergara Ibarra - Yisenia Lucía Vergara Vergara 46Implementación de metodologías activas en el fortalecimiento de competencias comunicativas en escenarios vulnerables. Liana Álvarez Cantero – José Antonio Sánchez Sánchez 48Estrategia pedagógica discursiva interactiva para el mejoramiento de la comprensión textual de estudiantes de básica primaria. Osvaldo Enrique Manjarrez Villalba - Ibeth Del Rosario Morales Escobar 50Proyecto pedagógico para mejorar la lectoescritura en los estudiantes de grado 5º aula multigrado. Miriam Albán Villarreal – María Dorila Díaz Valentierra 52La Oratoria como escenario pedagógico para el desarrollo de habilidades de pensamiento crítico: una apuesta en la virtualidad. María Andrea Baquero Escobar – Rudy Doria Correa 54Mesa 2. Pedagogía social, ética y desarrollo humano 56Prácticas discursivas en torno a la enseñanza de la Educación Religiosa: una perspectiva desde el educando. Cetty Carlos Benjumea Loaiza - Jesús Andrés Vélez Vélez 57Transversalidad de la formación en valores en las prácticas de enseñanza de docentes de básica secundaria en la institución etnoeducativa Los Córdobas. Emilio Elis Cogollo – Ezequías Balaguera Ortiz 59Mediaciones pedagógicas para el fortalecimiento de la convivencia escolar entre estudiantes, una revisión en el contexto educativo hispano parlante. Jesús Alberto Peñaranda Bastidas – José Tomas Fragozo Soto – Miladys Paola Redondo Marin 61La mediación como estrategia de convivencia escolar en la Institución Educativa Técnica Agropecuaria La Buena Esperanza del municipio de Turbaco – Bolívar. Cinthya Inés Martínez Mendoza 63Formación de maestros educadores para la paz desde la didáctica del conflicto para la inclusión educativa. Dilia Elena Mejía Rodríguez – Liris Múnera Cavadía 65Educación en derechos humanos desde el reconocimiento y humanismo del otro. Ledys Alcira Arrieta Perez – María Alejandra Taborda Caro 67Educación para la convivencia y la paz: Una mirada crítica desde la intervención docente. Decired Ojeda Pertuz 69El clima escolar en el diseño curricular: Una perspectiva que favorece la enseñanza - aprendizaje en instituciones educativas rurales de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Neisa del Carmen Gómez Diaz - Alexander Javier Montes Miranda 71La danza folclórica cómo satisfactor sinérgico de necesidades humanas en los estudiantes del grupo de danzas folclóricas sede Montería de la Universidad de Córdoba. Elaine Patricia Parra Martínez - Fernando De La Espriella Arenas 73La música, una estrategia didáctica para el fortalecimiento de las competencias ciudadanas. Marta Guerra Muñoz – Rosa Beatriz Gómez -Yamira Rodríguez 74Convivencia escolar desde la pedagogía de paz: estrategia didáctica a través de la lúdica. Hna. Olga Lucia Canchila Salcedo - Martha Pacheco Lora 76Mesa 3. Innovación educativa y pedagógica 78Mesa 3. Innovación educativa y pedagógica 78Objetos virtuales de aprendizaje para la formación profesional: una mirada desde los estudiantes de la Universidad del Atlántico. Mirna Patricia Bernal Martínez - Roberto Enrique Figueroa Molina - Melba Rosa Cuadrado Galán 80Las apuestas investigativas y el desarrollo profesional de los egresados de la Maestría en Educación SUE Caribe Universidad de Cartagena. Nadia Mallarino Miranda – Katia Martínez Morad 82Investigación y desarrollo profesional de los egresados de la Maestría en Educación SUE Caribe. Universidad de Cartagena, 2006-2018. Clara Inés Sagre Hernández 84Aprendizaje Invertido: autoinstrucción, evaluación formativa y desempeños de comprensión. Esteban Rodríguez Garrido 86Transformación de la praxis docente durante un programa de formación en Pedagogía de Géneros Textuales para la enseñanza de la lectura crítica. José David Herazo Rivera – Paula García Montes - Pedro Guerra Meza 88Estrategias didácticas basadas en laboratorios virtuales y presenciales en el aprendizaje de las leyes de Newton. Alberto Iriarte Pupo – Yessica Ortega Pérez - Lizeth Estrada Soto 90Impacto del uso de la estrategia "Leo y argumento" para el desarrollo de las habilidades del pensamiento crítico. Dairo de Jesus Bustamante de Hoyos – Paulo Emilio Fúnez Chávez 92Impacto de la mediación pedagógica virtual como contingencia ante situación de pandemia Covid-19 en la Institución de Educación Superior ITFIP. Mauren Andrés Guayara Ramírez - Luis Antonio Herrán Cardoso -Jimmy Alexander Vergara Rodríguez 94Origem da Escola Doméstica Dona Júlia e a influência do Grêmio Literário Júlia Lopes De Almeida no proceso implementação da instituição em Cuiabá/MT (1946-1947). Gabriella Moura da Silva – Nilce Vieira Campos Ferreira 96Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) por docentes de educación primaria en atención a estudiantes en confinamiento por pandemia. Leida de la Rosa Rosa 98Resignificación de la praxis educativa para favorecer la competencia lectora desde la sistematización de experiencias docentes. Elia Marina Santuario Rada - Jorge Carlos Peinado Ballesteros 100Relación entre competencias mediáticas y saberes digitales en la formación de maestros. Claudia Saavedra - Dijibath Matallana Rodríguez – Karen Medina Jaime 102Las concepciones de evaluación de los docentes de ciencias naturales. Gina Violeta Verbel González 104Estrategias para la mejora del aprendizaje autónomo del alumnado de la Licenciatura en Educación Física. Sandy Portorreal - Atlas Osiris Sosa - Rudy Gilberto López 106Escuelas Normales: Instituciones formadoras de profesoras rurales en Cundinamarca 1950-1970. Nataly Rojas - Nilce Vieira Campos Ferreira 108Perspectivas teóricas del liderazgo escolar: una resignificación pedagógica del liderazgo transformacional y su contribución a la calidad educativa. Amalfi Rosales - Alexander Montes - Vladimir Figueroa Gutiérrez 110Gestión de prácticas educativas innovadoras desde un enfoque educativo STEM+A. Arnovis Alemán - Rainer Villarreal Contreras – Daniel Salas Álvarez 112La investigación, un camino para la transformación de las prácticas pedagógicas. Belkis Vergara Pérez 113Processo Histórico De Denominação Da Escola Estadual Da Polícia Militar “Tiradentes”. Junior Cézar Lopes dos Santos – Nilce Vieira Campos Ferreira 115Modelos de mediación para el análisis de datos educativos: Más allá de los modelos cuantitativos típicamente usados en las tesis de postgrado en Educación en Colombia. Claudia Patricia Ovalle Ramirez 117Mesa 4. Perspectivas neurocientíficas y abordajes psicosociales contemporáneos en educación 119Análisis de la relación entre inteligencia emocional y estrategias de afrontamiento en situaciones de acoso y cyberbullyng en universitarios. María Fernanda Méndez Losada - Isabel Alicia Sierra Pineda 121Emoción y academia: historias no contadas de las estancias doctorales. Harold Castañeda Peña - Pilar Méndez - Carmen Helena Guerrero 123La conciencia fonológica en la enseñanza de la lectura en estudiantes de grado primero de la Institución Educativa Santa María Goretti en Montería. María Victoria González Zapa 125Estrategias educativas para promover competencias socioemocionales en los estudiantes articulando procesos pedagógicos y evaluativos. Becky Román Pérez 127La competencia docente de análisis de idoneidad didáctica en futuros profesores de matemáticas al planificar la enseñanza. Juan Alberto Barboza Rodríguez - Walter Fernando Castro Gordillo 129Pensamiento pedagógico en la Educación Superior del departamento de Córdoba 1951-2019. Carolina Castellanos Ramos 131Concepciones y Creencias de futuros profesores de matemáticas sobre la enseñanza y evaluación al planificar clases en el componente geométrico métrico. José Luis Acosta Pérez - Juan Alberto Barboza Rodríguez 133Comprensión de la incidencia formativa de un grupo de maestros de Ciencias Sociales a través de narrativas biográficas en el departamento de Córdoba. María Andrea Acosta García - Daniel David Chimá Arroyo 135Percepciones de los docentes de una institución privada de Montería, sobre la implementación del modelo pedagógico institucional, incluyendo sus prácticas de aula. Keila Paola Ramos Buelvas 137Indagación narrativa de la identidad profesional del docente de Tecnología e Informática: Tensiones y reflexiones en la construcción cotidiana del currículo. Atahualpa Villadiego Alvarez 139Autopercepción de los docentes sobre neurociencia y transferencia a la didáctica de las ciencias: un estudio fenomenográfico. Claudia Patricia Mercado Aguado - Isabel Alicia Sierra Pineda 140Mesa 5. Multiculturalidad, diversidad y educación inclusiva 142Formación inclusiva: concepciones y prácticas pedagógicas en docentes de educación superior. Roberto Figueroa Molina – Mirna Patricia Bernal Martínez - Roberto Thorné Torné 144La Escuela: Un lugar en la cartografía y en los imaginarios de las Ciencias Sociales. Daniel Antonio Pérez Cerro – Luis Alfredo González Monroy – Iván Manuel Sánchez Fontalvo 146Lineamientos para incorporar la política de inclusión social en los planes de acción del plan de desarrollo en el municipio de El Charco de Nariño. Aura Pérez Caicedo - Delia De la Hoz – Robinson Rafael Peña Almeida 148Inclusión de estudiantes en situación de discapacidad en una Institución Educativa: visiones desde la ruralidad. Leidy Sofía Peñata Doria 150Percepciones sobre la discapacidad física en las clases de educación física en Montería. Heider Ramiro Díaz Better - Cleiber Eusse López 152Framework basado en gestión de conocimiento para la salvaguarda de la lengua embera. Ernesto Llerena García – Manuel Caro Piñeres 154Educación inclusiva: una oportunidad para la transformación de la escuela rural. Liliana María Escobar Guerra - Isabel Hernández Arteaga – Henry David Uribe Londoño 156Ciudadanía Planetaria. Una mirada desde la multiculturalidad y la interculturalidad. Milton Fabián Badel Gómez 158Nivel de apropiación de la Competencia Tic e Intercultural en docentes de básica primaria del departamento del Atlántico. Nathaly Sofía Daza Morales 160El sistema pictográfico como medio para fomentar la comunicación de estudiantes con Síndrome de Down en el entorno escolar. Evis Danith Ariza Jiménez 162Literatura infantil y deporte inclusivo: estrategias didácticas para fomentar la inclusión, el respeto a la diferencia y a la diversidad en la educación infantil. Jesús Kerguelén - Luisa Fernanda Llorente Vergara - Luis Pacheco Lora 164Modelos de enseñanza de los docentes de música Vallenata en la Facultad de Bella Artes, Universidad Popular del Cesar. Juan De La Rosa López – Camilo Andrés Andrade Guerra – Martha Guerra Muñoz 166Enseñando fracciones desde un aula inclusiva: fracciones para no fraccionarnos. Silvia Madera - Nasly Ruíz – Ángel Viloria - Heidy Esperanza Gordillo 168Escenarios para la apropiación patrimonial con tecnologías digitales en Santa Cruz de Lorica. Jacob Vargas Arteaga 1701 Edició

Paediatric COVID-19 mortality: a database analysis of the impact of health resource disparity

Background The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric populations varied between high-income countries (HICs) versus low-income to middle-income countries (LMICs). We sought to investigate differences in paediatric clinical outcomes and identify factors contributing to disparity between countries.Methods The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 database was queried to include children under 19 years of age admitted to hospital from January 2020 to April 2021 with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Univariate and multivariable analysis of contributing factors for mortality were assessed by country group (HICs vs LMICs) as defined by the World Bank criteria.Results A total of 12 860 children (3819 from 21 HICs and 9041 from 15 LMICs) participated in this study. Of these, 8961 were laboratory-confirmed and 3899 suspected COVID-19 cases. About 52% of LMICs children were black, and more than 40% were infants and adolescent. Overall in-hospital mortality rate (95% CI) was 3.3% [=(3.0% to 3.6%), higher in LMICs than HICs (4.0% (3.6% to 4.4%) and 1.7% (1.3% to 2.1%), respectively). There were significant differences between country income groups in intervention profile, with higher use of antibiotics, antivirals, corticosteroids, prone positioning, high flow nasal cannula, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation in HICs. Out of the 439 mechanically ventilated children, mortality occurred in 106 (24.1%) subjects, which was higher in LMICs than HICs (89 (43.6%) vs 17 (7.2%) respectively). Pre-existing infectious comorbidities (tuberculosis and HIV) and some complications (bacterial pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and myocarditis) were significantly higher in LMICs compared with HICs. On multivariable analysis, LMIC as country income group was associated with increased risk of mortality (adjusted HR 4.73 (3.16 to 7.10)).Conclusion Mortality and morbidities were higher in LMICs than HICs, and it may be attributable to differences in patient demographics, complications and access to supportive and treatment modalities

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83-7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97-2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14-1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25-1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable

Association of Country Income Level With the Characteristics and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients Hospitalized With Acute Kidney Injury and COVID-19

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been identified as one of the most common and significant problems in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. However, studies examining the relationship between COVID-19 and AKI in low- and low-middle income countries (LLMIC) are lacking. Given that AKI is known to carry a higher mortality rate in these countries, it is important to understand differences in this population. Methods: This prospective, observational study examines the AKI incidence and characteristics of 32,210 patients with COVID-19 from 49 countries across all income levels who were admitted to an intensive care unit during their hospital stay. Results: Among patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, AKI incidence was highest in patients in LLMIC, followed by patients in upper-middle income countries (UMIC) and high-income countries (HIC) (53%, 38%, and 30%, respectively), whereas dialysis rates were lowest among patients with AKI from LLMIC and highest among those from HIC (27% vs. 45%). Patients with AKI in LLMIC had the largest proportion of community-acquired AKI (CA-AKI) and highest rate of in-hospital death (79% vs. 54% in HIC and 66% in UMIC). The association between AKI, being from LLMIC and in-hospital death persisted even after adjusting for disease severity. Conclusions: AKI is a particularly devastating complication of COVID-19 among patients from poorer nations where the gaps in accessibility and quality of healthcare delivery have a major impact on patient outcomes