Review of \u3ci\u3eEuropean Immigrants in the American West: Community Histories\u3c/i\u3e Edited by Frederick Luebke

European immigrants, Frederick Luebke argues correctly in his introduction to this collection of previously published essays, have been all but ignored by Western historians. Earlier Turnerian historians expected European immigrants to assimilate because this accorded well with their American frontier narrative. New Western historians, focused as they are on race, also overlooked Europeans. Because European immigrants were white, these revisionists of Turner similarly anticipated the Europeans\u27 assimilation into the white majority. For their part, labor historians who have concentrated on class have rued the failure of Western workers, in part because of their attachment to ethnic group, to develop a potent class consciousness. This neglect is curious, Luebke reminds us, because the Western United States was the site of a disproportionate numbers of European immigrants. To address the oversight, this volume brings together a disparate group of community studies situated in the West. It pays attention to those both in rural and urban residences (including Italians living in San Francisco), people in disparate occupations (from Irish hardrock miners in Montana to Jewish merchants in Portland, Oregon), and group experiences ranging across the past four centuries (from Spanish colonizers in seventeenth-century New Mexico to South Slavic miners in the twentieth century). Many of the selections will be familiar to Great Plains historians, including Robert C. Ostergren\u27s view of settlement patterns of Swedes in South Dakota, Carol K. Coburn\u27s consideration of gender in a German Lutheran settlement in Kansas, Josef J. Barton\u27s comparison of Mexican and Czech settlers in Texas, and Royden K. Loewen\u27s juxtaposition of two Mennonite communities in Nebraska and Manitoba. As significant as this collection is, it fails to address several vexing questions about its subject. The organizing theme is community histories of disparate groups moving from Europe to a place considered to be the West. Yet what is the West? North Dakota and San Francisco and many locales in between. Those who moved, moreover, left a place called Europe. Yet what is comparable between seventeenth century Spaniard conquistadors and nineteenth- century Swedish peasants besides the fact that they left Europe to live in a region defined today as the West ? As such, the unifying theme of Europeans and the West in this volume in many ways is a reification of places of origin and of new residence. That understood, this is nonetheless a valuable sampler of remarkable recent research on European ethnic groups in a place called the West, a subject that continues to be overlooked by historians. As such, it is a valuable contribution to the history of the Great Plains and Western history generally

Review of \u3ci\u3eEuropean Immigrants in the American West: Community Histories\u3c/i\u3e Edited by Frederick Luebke

European immigrants, Frederick Luebke argues correctly in his introduction to this collection of previously published essays, have been all but ignored by Western historians. Earlier Turnerian historians expected European immigrants to assimilate because this accorded well with their American frontier narrative. New Western historians, focused as they are on race, also overlooked Europeans. Because European immigrants were white, these revisionists of Turner similarly anticipated the Europeans\u27 assimilation into the white majority. For their part, labor historians who have concentrated on class have rued the failure of Western workers, in part because of their attachment to ethnic group, to develop a potent class consciousness. This neglect is curious, Luebke reminds us, because the Western United States was the site of a disproportionate numbers of European immigrants. To address the oversight, this volume brings together a disparate group of community studies situated in the West. It pays attention to those both in rural and urban residences (including Italians living in San Francisco), people in disparate occupations (from Irish hardrock miners in Montana to Jewish merchants in Portland, Oregon), and group experiences ranging across the past four centuries (from Spanish colonizers in seventeenth-century New Mexico to South Slavic miners in the twentieth century). Many of the selections will be familiar to Great Plains historians, including Robert C. Ostergren\u27s view of settlement patterns of Swedes in South Dakota, Carol K. Coburn\u27s consideration of gender in a German Lutheran settlement in Kansas, Josef J. Barton\u27s comparison of Mexican and Czech settlers in Texas, and Royden K. Loewen\u27s juxtaposition of two Mennonite communities in Nebraska and Manitoba. As significant as this collection is, it fails to address several vexing questions about its subject. The organizing theme is community histories of disparate groups moving from Europe to a place considered to be the West. Yet what is the West? North Dakota and San Francisco and many locales in between. Those who moved, moreover, left a place called Europe. Yet what is comparable between seventeenth century Spaniard conquistadors and nineteenth- century Swedish peasants besides the fact that they left Europe to live in a region defined today as the West ? As such, the unifying theme of Europeans and the West in this volume in many ways is a reification of places of origin and of new residence. That understood, this is nonetheless a valuable sampler of remarkable recent research on European ethnic groups in a place called the West, a subject that continues to be overlooked by historians. As such, it is a valuable contribution to the history of the Great Plains and Western history generally

Conflict and community: a case study of the immigrant church in the United States

Conflict within the immigrant church was oftentimes a central feature in the development of ethnic communities and their conceptions of peoplehood and religious identification. This case study examines a schism that tore apart various Norwegian-American settlements in the late nineteenth century. Known as the "Election Controversy," churches within the Norwegian Synod were forced to determine the extent to which election was based solely on God's grace. Households in the Crow River settlement in central Minnesota could not agree on a single position and the schism eventually resulted in the division of the church. The lines of conflict were drawn according to subcommunities based on regional background and a chain migration to the settlement that juxtaposed people of different cultural backgrounds in a single community. While those from many sub-communities remained within the church, the new church consisted of those from the Gausdal sub-community, a group that carried a very distinct cultural pattern from Norway. Yet the conflict was exacerbated by the incongruous symbols of the developing church. Ironically, the church in a more democratic environment had shifted theologically toward a less egalitarian stance in regard to salvation, an important shift especially to those who were culturally distinct and felt deprived of power in the congregation. The conjunction of a community structure rife with socioeconomic cleavages and a theology with inherent ambiguities and contradictions, then, created a synergy that resulted in tumultuous conflict in Crow River. In spite of the schism, however, the election controversy was an example of conflict, but not cultural disintegration. On the Synod level, the new church bodies formed out of the conflict played a large role in unifying the Norwegian-American church. And locally the schism did result in smaller congregations, but the new churches were more culturally cohesive than in the past

On adaptation, life-extension possibilities and the demand for health

A good health is important for having a good life. This is supported by surveys on happiness. However, at least after a certain age, the health state deteriorates naturally over time due to ageing. Nevertheless, research reports show that old people in average are satisfied with their health conditions. This and other empirical evidence indicate that individuals adapt to poorer health conditions. But how will this adaptation influence the demand for health services? Gjerde, Grepperud and Kverndokk will in this paper analyse the impacts of adaptation to a falling health state on the demand for health and medical care. This is done by integrating adaptation processes in the pure consumption model of Grossman. The authors will modify the consumption-model in another direction by introducing an uncertain lifetime. Model simulations show that adaptation affects the health variables by lowering the incentives to invest in health, as well as smoothening the optimal health stock path over the life cycle. Whether or not the risk of mortality is an object of choice has important effects on the joint development of the health variables.Grossman; Demand for health; Adaptation; Life extension; Ageing.

A sustainable ocean for all

Welcome to the opening editorial of npj Ocean Sustainability. This new interdisciplinary journal aims to provide a unique forum for sharing research, critically debating issues, and advancing practical solutions to achieve ocean sustainability. The ocean and people are deeply interconnected. Thus, decision-makers require integrative, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary knowledge to design solutions and approaches based on the multitude of visions for what a sustainable ocean entails. For that reason, the journal recognizes the benefits of knowledge pluralism and equally welcomes research from natural and social sciences; from marine ecology to Indigenous Studies; from the legal, policy, and management sciences to medical sciences, to arts and humanities. We acknowledge the fundamental need to understand and integrate the environmental and human dimensions into ocean research and management to effectively ensure long-term sustainable ocean use and conservation. We also acknowledge that while the ocean is “one” from a biophysical standpoint, there is a “plurality” of values and relationships between humans and the ocean, emerging from multiple geographical and historical specificities that need to be accounted for

A blueprint for an inclusive, global deep-sea Ocean Decade field programme

The ocean plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Earth System and in the provision of vital goods and services. The United Nations (UN) declared 2021–2030 as the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The Roadmap for the Ocean Decade aims to achieve six critical societal outcomes (SOs) by 2030, through the pursuit of four objectives (Os). It specifically recognizes the scarcity of biological data for deep-sea biomes, and challenges the global scientific community to conduct research to advance understanding of deep-sea ecosystems to inform sustainable management. In this paper, we map four key scientific questions identified by the academic community to the Ocean Decade SOs: (i) What is the diversity of life in the deep ocean? (ii) How are populations and habitats connected? (iii) What is the role of living organisms in ecosystem function and service provision? and (iv) How do species, communities, and ecosystems respond to disturbance? We then consider the design of a global-scale program to address these questions by reviewing key drivers of ecological pattern and process. We recommend using the following criteria to stratify a global survey design: biogeographic region, depth, horizontal distance, substrate type, high and low climate hazard, fished/unfished, near/far from sources of pollution, licensed/protected from industry activities. We consider both spatial and temporal surveys, and emphasize new biological data collection that prioritizes southern and polar latitudes, deeper (> 2000 m) depths, and midwater environments. We provide guidance on observational, experimental, and monitoring needs for different benthic and pelagic ecosystems. We then review recent efforts to standardize biological data and specimen collection and archiving, making “sampling design to knowledge application” recommendations in the context of a new global program. We also review and comment on needs, and recommend actions, to develop capacity in deep-sea research; and the role of inclusivity - from accessing indigenous and local knowledge to the sharing of technologies - as part of such a global program. We discuss the concept of a new global deep-sea biological research program ‘Challenger 150,’ highlighting what it could deliver for the Ocean Decade and UN Sustainable Development Goal 14

Patterns of migration to and demographic adaptation within rural ethnie american communities

The migration of millions of people from Europe to the United States had profound consequences for both the sending and receiving areas. By and large, scholars in the past have analyzed the immigration either from the place of origin or from the place of arrivai ; very few have examined the pattern of migration itself or the demographic adaptations made by the migrants as they entered a new economic and cultural environment. This paper maps two migrant populations from Norway to the United States and discovers that "chain migrations" resulted in tightly-knit settlements peopled by migrants of common origins. Not surprisingly, demographic behavior common to the places of origin was maintained initially by aie ethnie settlements : Marital fertility remained high, household structure continued to be complex, and pre-nuptial conceptions were wide-spread. Within forty years, however, marital fertility declined and the simple household often augmented by single parents became the norm. The process of démographie change undergone by these immigrants was thus a complex interplay of continuity and change.L'émigration de millions de personnes d'Europe vers les Etats-Unis a eu de graves conséquences, tant pour les pays de départ que pour ceux d'arrivée. Jusqu'à présent les scientifiques ont généralement analysé l'immigration soit du point de vue du lieu de départ, soit du point de vue du lieu d'arrivée ; très peu de travaux ont étudié les schémas de la migration elle- même ou les adaptations démographiques des migrants pénétrant dans un nouvel environnement économique et culturel. Cet article étudie deux populations de migrants ayant quitté la Norvège pour les Etats-Unis et révèle que les migrations en chaîne ont conduit à la formation de colonies peuplées de migrants d'origine commune qui ont entre eux des liens très étroits. Comme on pouvait s'y attendre ces migrants ont reproduit le comportement démographique de leur lieu d'origine : la fertilité dans le mariage est restée élevée, la structure familiale complète et les conceptions prénuptiales largement répandues . Cependant au cours des quarante dernières années, la fertilité des couples mariés a décru et les familles nucléaires augmentées des familles à un seul parent sont devenues la règle. Les phénomènes de modification démographique subis par ces immigrants correspondent donc à une complexe interaction de continuité et de changement.Gjerde Jon. Patterns of migration to and demographic adaptation within rural ethnie american communities. In: Annales de démographie historique, 1988. Les transitions démographiques. pp. 277-297