Lithofacies module methodology for characterizing and modeling clastic hydrocarbon reservoirs.

The geological framework and concept used in building the reservoir model determine the distribution of reservoir properties that control fluid flow. Reservoir simulation studies at the Gypsy outcrop site show different concepts for defining a reservoir model can result as much as a 30% difference in hydrocarbon recovery. The selection of vertical resolution is a critical parameter of the reservoir model. The concept of lithofacies modules provides a reasonable and accurate guideline for a geologically controlled method of reservoir upscaling. Simulation based on an accurate reservoir model provides an economic and quick method for evaluating various development strategies to select the scenario that provide the optimum economical return.A lithofacies module is a package of sediments restricted within a chronostratigraphic sequence and distinguished by a similar depositional environment and similar petrophysical properties that have similar effects on fluid flow within the unit. Genetically, a lithofacies module is identical with a unique position within a chronostratigraphic sequence. This makes reservoir heterogeneity predictable. Within an individual channel sequence of the Gypsy fluvial reservoir, four lithofacies modules can be systematically recognized from the bottom to the top of a channel sequence: mudclast low permeability unit, cross-bedded and plane-bedded high permeability unit, ripple low permeability unit, and overbank flow barrier unit.A lithofacies module concept and methodology for the purpose of interdisciplinary studies of reservoir characterization are proposed in this research. Accurate reservoir models derived from the application of this concept and methodology will render significant improvements of oil recovery from reservoir simulation studies.Four reservoir modeling scales are classified here: stratigraphic sequence scale, reservoir scale, lithofacies module scale, and sample scale. The lithofacies module scale is the most important for reservoir characterization applied in petroleum exploitation. At this scale, a highly heterogeneous reservoir with a wide variation of properties can be subdivided into compartments with much narrower variations of reservoir properties. Geostatistical techniques can be useful tools for the prediction of reservoir heterogeneity if they are used properly in combination with geological knowledge. The lithofacies module concept provides a detailed reservoir framework suitable for geostatistical prediction

Hydrocarbon Detection Based on Phase Decomposition in Chaoshan Depression, Northern South China Sea

Located in the northern South China Sea, Chaoshan Depression is mainly a residual Mesozoic depression, with a construction of Meso-Cenozoic strata over 7000m thick and good hydrocarbon accumulation conditions. Amplitude attribute of -90°phase component derived by phase decomposition is employed to detect Hydrocarbon in the zone of interest (ZOI) in Chaoshan Depression. And it is found that there are evident amplitude anomalies occurring around ZOI. Phase decomposition is applied to forward modeling results of the ZOI, and high amplitudes occur on the -90°phase component more or less when ZOI is charged with hydrocarbon, which shows that the amplitude abnormality in ZOI is probably caused by oil and gas accumulation

Characterisation of freeform, structured surfaces in T-spline spaces and its applications

In advanced manufacturing, surface topographical designs with deterministic freeform and embedded structures have proven to contain effective, additive functionalities. These surfaces need to be geometrically characterised regarding the designed form and structures. However, this is problematic since existing characterisation techniques such as polynomial form removal, Gaussian/spline/wavelet filtration, field-based statistical parameterisation, spectral and fractal analysis do not provide satisfying results. In this paper, we, therefore, propose to characterise the complex surfaces in T-spline spaces, i.e. basis spline spaces along with T-junctions, using an efficient T-spline fitting algorithm. Several case studies show that the proposed method is compatible and has notable potentials for the challenging characterisation tasks, including non-Euclidean freeform removal, edge-reserving filtration with multiscale analysis, scattered data interpolation and smoothing, and smart large-data downsampling or compression

Rh(II)/Brønsted Acid Cocatalyzed Intramolecular Trapping of Ammonium Ylides with Enones: Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2,2,3-Trisubstituted Indolines

Highly diastereoselective intramolecular trapping of ammonium ylides with enones has been developed through a Rh­(II)/Brønsted acid cocatalytic strategy. This process allows rapid and efficient construction of <i>N</i>-unprotected polyfunctional 2,2,3-trisubstituted indolines in moderate to good yields with excellent diastereoselectivity

Single-cell atlas of diverse immune populations in the advanced biliary tract cancer microenvironment

Abstract Immunotherapies have been explored in treating solid tumors, albeit with disparate clinical effects in distinct cancer types. Systematic interrogation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is vital to the prediction of immunotherapy response and the development of innovative immunotherapeutics. To comprehensively characterize the immune microenvironment in advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC), we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing in unselected viable cells from 16 matched samples, and identified nineteen cell subsets from a total of 45,851 cells, in which exhausted CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) in BTC were shown to augment and communicate within the TME. Transcriptional profiles coupled with T cell receptor (TCR) sequences revealed that exhausted CD8+ T cells retained clonal expansion and high proliferation in the TME, and some of them highly expressed the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) response gene, XBP1, indicating the role of ER stress in remodeling TME. Functional assays demonstrated that XBP1 and common immune checkpoints (PD1, TIGIT) were significantly upregulated in CD8+ T cells cocultured within the TME of BTC cells (GBC-SD, HCCC-9810). When treating the coculture groups with the specific inhibitor of IRE1α-XBP1 (4μ8C), the downregulation of TIGIT was observed in the treatment group. Collectively, comprehensive transcriptome profiling provides deep insights into the immune atlas in advanced BTC, which might be instrumental in exploring innovative immunotherapy strategies