186 research outputs found

    Stockage de l'hydrogène par des mélanges mécanochimiques à base de magnésium (Étude de composés intermétalliques ternaires à base de bore (structure et essais d'hydrogénation))

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    Le but de cette étude était la compréhension des mécanismes de stockage de l'hydrogène etl'amélioration de la capacité de stockage dans (1) le magnésium et (2) les composés intermétalliques àbase de bore.(1) Les poudres de magnésium avec ajout de 10% massique d oxyde de magnésium ont étébroyées à l'aide d'un broyeur planétaire à billes, par broyage mécanique réactif sous atmosphèred'hydrogène (10 bars) pendant 10 heures, en variant deux paramètres: la vitesse de broyage et le nombrede billes utilisées (i.e., le rapport massique poudre : billes). Il semblerait que les poudres broyées à250rpm en utilisant 17 billes (rapport de 1: 13) présentent des performances supérieures en termes de:taille des particules, contenu en MgH2 après broyage, surface spécifique et cinétiquesd'absorption/désorption de l'hydrogène. Nous avons vérifié que l'oxyde de magnésium a un effet deretardement significatif de la croissance des grains. Le calcul des énergies d'activation et l'étude descinétiques ont montré que l'oxyde de magnésium ne joue pas de rôle catalyseur pour la sorptiond'hydrogène.(2) Les composes synthétisés dans les systèmes ternaires La-MT-B, Gd-MT-B et Y-MT-B (MT=Ni,Fe, Co) ont été étudiés en termes de leur structure cristalline, composition chimique et propriétés desorption de l'hydrogène. La majorité des composés obtenus dans ces systèmes cristallisent avec unestructure type CeCo4B, avec des paramètres de maille proches de ceux du composé GdNi4B. Leremplacement total du Ni par des atomes de Fe et/ou Co est possible, indiquant l existence d une solutionsolide totale entre TRNi4B et TRFe4B ou TRCo4B. En outre, le bore est supposé occuper partiellementdeux sites cristallographiques différents, mais l un seul d'entre eux est principalement occupé par le bore.La nouvelle phase GdNi2,5B2,5 a également été observée dans cette étude pour la première fois. Unephase pseudo-binaire GdB3 a été également reportée. Enfin, il est montré que seul le composé LaNi4Babsorbe l'hydrogène, quoique de manière irréversible.The aim of this study was the comprehension of hydrogen storage mechanisms and theimprovement of storage capacity in (1) magnesium and (2) boron based intermetallic compounds.(1) Magnesium powders with 10 wt.% magnesium oxide were milled using a planetary ball mill, byreactive mechanical grinding under hydrogen atmosphere (10 bar) for 10 hours, varying two parameters:the milling speed and the number of balls used (i.e. the powder-to-ball weight ratio). It appears that thepowders milled at 250 rpm using 17 balls (ratio 1: 13) have superior performances in terms of: particlesize, MgH2 content after milling, specific surface area and hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics. Wehave verified that the magnesium oxide has a significant effect on grain growth, delaying it. Calculation ofthe activation energies and study of the kinetics showed that magnesium oxide does not play a catalyticrole for hydrogen sorption.(2) The compounds synthesized in the ternary systems La-TM-B, Gd-TM-B and Y-TM-B (TM=Ni,Fe, Co) were studied in terms of their crystal structure, chemical composition and hydrogen sorptionproperties. Most of the compounds obtained in these systems crystallize with a CeCo4B-type structure,with lattice parameters close to those of the compound GdNi4B. A total replacement of Ni by Fe and/or Cois sometimes possible, meaning that a total solid solution exists between RENi4B and REFe4B or RECo4B.Also, the boron is assumed to partially occupy two different crystallographic sites, although only one ofthese is mainly occupied by boron. The new phase GdNi2.5B2.5 was also observed in this study for the firsttime. In addition, a pseudo-binary phase GdB3 is observed. Finally, it is reported that only the compoundLaNi4B absorbs hydrogen, albeit irreversibly.BORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Studies of the effect of melt spinning on the electrochemical properties of the AB2 Laves phase alloys

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    A comparative study of the effect of melt spinning on the electrochemical properties of the C14 and C15 AB2 alloys has been performed. The wheel speeds of 630, 2100, and 4100 cm/s were applied during the rapid solidification of both alloys. The structural analysis of the formed phases was performed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), while their microstructural morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In both alloys a tremendous grain refinement due to the melt spinning process was observed: In addition, melt spinning also significantly contributed to the morphological variation of the microstructural changes in C14 alloys which showed changes from the equiaxed grain at lower speed to the small dendrites at higher speed. In contrast to the C14 alloys, the morphological variation was not observed for the C15 alloys. Furthermore, for both C14 and C15 alloys melt-spun at 2100 cm/s the maximum capacities of 435 and 414 mAh/g were achieved, respectively. As both alloys revealed the significant grain refinement due to the melt spinning, an increase in electrochemical capacity was achieved. However, the melt spinning parameters need to be further optimized to improve poor activation behavior of the rapidly solidified alloys

    Local enhancement of hydrogen production by the hydrolysis of Mg17Al12 with Mg “model” material

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    The effect of galvanic coupling on the corrosion behavior of Mg and Mg17Al12 in Mg-Al alloys was studied by Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy (SECM). The effect of galvanic coupling between Mg and Mg17Al12 was investigated using a “model” Mg+Mg17Al12 material with a controlled microstructure to evaluate the hydrogen evolution at a micrometric scale. SECM maps revealed that galvanic coupling between Mg and Mg17Al12 accelerates the corrosion rate (formation of a thicker passive layer) of both components. Mg17Al12 acts controversially to a conventional cathode in galvanic system since hydrogen production by its hydrolysis reaction was found to increase due to the electron transfer with the anode (Mg).Fil: Al Bacha, S.. Lebanese University, Faculty Of Sciences Ii; Líbano. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia. Université Paris-Saclay; FranciaFil: Farias, Eliana Desiree. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Garrigue, Patrick. Universite de Bordeaux; FranciaFil: Zakhour, Mirvat. Lebanese University, Faculty Of Sciences Ii; LíbanoFil: Nakhl, Michel. Lebanese University, Faculty Of Sciences Ii; LíbanoFil: Bobet, Jean Louis. Universite de Bordeaux; FranciaFil: Zigah, Dodzi. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia. Université de Poitiers; Franci

    Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

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    RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

    Sur l'emploi de MoSi2 comme interphase dans les matériaux composites à matrice SiC élaborés par CVD/CVI

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    The study focuses on MoSi2 as a possible constituent of ceramic matrix composite materials. The first part deals with the CVD of MoSi2, from the precursor MoCl4-SiCl4-H2-Ar approached according to a thermodynamic and experimental point of view, in order to specify the conditions leading to a single-phase deposition compatible with the CVI process. In a second part, microcomposites C/MoSi2/SiC and SiC/MoSi2/SiC made it possible to establish that the MoSi2 interphase - more resistant to oxidation than pyrocarbon or BN - did not play the expected role of mechanical fuse either in the ambient or at high temperatures. Finally, the last part is devoted to the study of residual stresses of thermal origin, addressed by modeling and X-ray diffraction, in various multimaterial carbon-based models, MoSi2 and SiC. It is established that these stresses play a very important role in the mechanical behavior of CMCs and that their knowledge makes it possible to anticipate the real behavior of these materials.L'étude porte sur MoSi2 comme constituant éventuel de matériaux composites à matrice céramique. La première partie traite de la CVD de MoSi2, à partir du précurseur MoCl4-SiCl4-H2-Ar abordée selon une approche thermodynamique et expérimentale, afin de préciser les conditions conduisant à un dépôt monophase compatibles avec le procédé CVI. Dans une seconde partie, des microcomposites C/MoSi2/SiC et SiC/MoSi2/SiC ont permis d'établir que l'interphase MoSi2 - plus résistante à l'oxydation que le pyrocarbone ou BN - ne jouait pas le rôle attendu de fusible mécanique ni à l'ambiante ni à hautes températures. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée à l'étude des contraintes résiduelles d'origine thermique, abordée par la modélisation et la diffraction des rayons X, dans divers multimatériaux modèles à base de carbone, MoSi2 et SiC. Il est établi que ces contraintes jouent un rôle très important dans le comportement mécanique des CMC et que leur connaissance permet d'anticiper le comportement réel de ces matériaux

    Sur l'emploi de MoSi2 comme interphase dans les matériaux composites à matrice SiC élaborés par CVD/CVI

    No full text
    The study focuses on MoSi2 as a possible constituent of ceramic matrix composite materials. The first part deals with the CVD of MoSi2, from the precursor MoCl4-SiCl4-H2-Ar approached according to a thermodynamic and experimental point of view, in order to specify the conditions leading to a single-phase deposition compatible with the CVI process. In a second part, microcomposites C/MoSi2/SiC and SiC/MoSi2/SiC made it possible to establish that the MoSi2 interphase - more resistant to oxidation than pyrocarbon or BN - did not play the expected role of mechanical fuse either in the ambient or at high temperatures. Finally, the last part is devoted to the study of residual stresses of thermal origin, addressed by modeling and X-ray diffraction, in various multimaterial carbon-based models, MoSi2 and SiC. It is established that these stresses play a very important role in the mechanical behavior of CMCs and that their knowledge makes it possible to anticipate the real behavior of these materials.L'étude porte sur MoSi2 comme constituant éventuel de matériaux composites à matrice céramique. La première partie traite de la CVD de MoSi2, à partir du précurseur MoCl4-SiCl4-H2-Ar abordée selon une approche thermodynamique et expérimentale, afin de préciser les conditions conduisant à un dépôt monophase compatibles avec le procédé CVI. Dans une seconde partie, des microcomposites C/MoSi2/SiC et SiC/MoSi2/SiC ont permis d'établir que l'interphase MoSi2 - plus résistante à l'oxydation que le pyrocarbone ou BN - ne jouait pas le rôle attendu de fusible mécanique ni à l'ambiante ni à hautes températures. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée à l'étude des contraintes résiduelles d'origine thermique, abordée par la modélisation et la diffraction des rayons X, dans divers multimatériaux modèles à base de carbone, MoSi2 et SiC. Il est établi que ces contraintes jouent un rôle très important dans le comportement mécanique des CMC et que leur connaissance permet d'anticiper le comportement réel de ces matériaux

    Hydrogen storage properties of Mg-based mixtures elaborated by reactive mechanical grinding

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    The hydrogen sorption properties of Mg+10% WO3 and Mg+5% Cr2O3 mixtures made by reactive (under hydrogene) mechanical grinding were studied and compared with those of elemental Mg subjected..

    Nouveaux intermétalliques ternaires à base de magnésium pour le stockage de l'hydrogène

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    L utilisation des combustibles fossiles (énergies non renouvelables) est responsable de l augmentation de la concentration en gaz à effet de serre dans l atmosphère. Parmi les solutions de remplacement envisagées, l hydrogène apparaît comme le vecteur énergétique le plus séduisant. Son stockage dans des intermétalliques permet d obtenir des capacités massiques et volumiques (e.g. 140 g/L) supérieures à celles obtenues en voie liquide ou sous pression (respectivement 71 et 40 g/L). Nous avons élaboré des composés à base de Mg et de terres rares (e.g. Y, Ce et Gd) dérivant des phases de Laves cubiques AB2. Leurs propriétés physico-chimiques ont été étudiées (hydruration, électrochimie, magnétisme, ). Les conditions de sorption (P et T) se sont révélées particulièrement favorables (i.e. absorption à température ambiante et pression atmosphérique). Par ailleurs, afin d améliorer la cinétique de sorption du magnésium métallique, les composés précédemment élaborés ont été utilisés comme catalyseurs. Ainsi, GdMgNi4 a été co-broyé avec du magnésium et les vitesses d absorption et de désorption du composite sont supérieures à celles obtenues pour les composites Mg+Ni ou Mg+V qui sont des références. Une approche théorique (DFT) a permis de modéliser la structure électronique des composés ternaires (i.e. TRMgNi4) et ainsi de prédire ou de confirmer les résultats expérimentaux. Enfin nous avons étudié de nouveaux intermétalliques riches en terre rare (TR4MgNi) dont les capacités d absorption en hydrogène sont élevées (2H/M).The use of fossil fuels (non-renewable energy) is responsible for increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Among the considered alternatives, hydrogen is seen as the most attractive energy vector. The storage in intermetallics makes it possible to obtain mass and volume capacities (e.g. 140 g/L) higher than those obtained by liquid form or under pressure (respectively 71 and 40 g/L). We have synthesised Mg and Rare Earth based compounds (RE = Y, Ce and Gd), derived from the cubic Laves phases AB2. Their physical and chemical properties have been studied (hydrogenation, electrochemistry, magnetism, ...). The conditions of sorption (P and T) are particularly favorable (i.e. absorption at room temperature and atmospheric pressure). Besides, to improve the sorption kinetics of metallic magnesium, the compounds developed previously were used as catalysts. Thus, GdMgNi4 was milled with magnesium and the speeds of absorption and desorption of the mixture are found higher than those obtained for the composites Mg+Ni or Mg+V, which are reference systems. A theoretical approach (DFT) was used to model the electronic structure of the ternary compounds (i.e. REMgNi4) and thus to predict or confirm the experimental results. Finally we have studied new intermetallics rich in rare earth (RE4MgNi) whose hydrogen absorption capacities are high (2H/M).BORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF
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