New information from fish diets on the importance of glassy flying squid (Hyaloteuthis pelagica) (Teuthoidea: Ommastrephidae) in the epipelagic cephalopod community of the tropical Atlantic Ocean

Squids of the family Ommastrephidae are a vital part of marine food webs and support major fisheries around the world. They are widely distributed in the open ocean, where they are among the most abundant in number and biomass of nektonic epipelagic organisms. In turn, seven of the 11 genera of this family (Dosidicus, Illex, Martialia, Nototodarus, Ommastrephes, Sthenoteuthis, and Todarodes) are heavily preyed upon by top marine predators, i.e., birds, mammals, and fish, and currently support fisheries in both neritic and oceanic waters (Roper and Sweeney, 1984; Rodhouse, 1997). Their commercial importance has made the large ommastrephids the target of many scientific investigations and their biology is consequently reasonably well-known (Nigmatullin et al., 2001; Zuyev et al., 2002; Bower and Ichii, 2005). In contrast, much less information is available on the biology and ecological role of the smaller, unexploited species of ommastrephids (e.g., Eucleoteuthis, Hyaloteuthis, Ornithoteuthis, and Todaropsis)

Sélection et génomique de souches naturelles provenant de fromages du Québec. Génomique comparative de Staphylococcus equorum

Les souches microbiennes naturelles des fromages sont souvent caractérisées pour étudier leur contribution au développement des propriétés sensorielles (goût, odeur, texture) des fromages affinés. Une meilleure compréhension de ce rôle lors de l’affinage du fromage est essentielle afin de mieux contrôler la qualité de ceux-ci. Peu d’analyses génomiques en détails ont été effectuées sur les microorganismes de la microflore naturelle des fromages (microorganismes non inoculés), alors qu’un plus grand intérêt est porté sur les ferments inoculés. La caractérisation du génome complet de souches bactériennes provenant du terroir québécois permet d’en révéler le contenu en gènes et de prédire les voies métaboliques associées. Ceci permet également d’établir l’apport individuel de celles-ci à la production de composés aromatiques. Dans le cadre de ce travail, le génome complet de quatre souches Staphylococcus equorum ont été séquencés. Ensuite, une analyse détaillée du génome de ces quatre souches a été réalisée en effectuant l’assemblage et l’annotation fonctionnelle des ~2700 gènes prédits dans chacune des souches à l’étude. Des gènes impliqués potentiellement dans la protéolyse, la lipolyse et la dégradation du lactose, ont été retrouvés dans toutes les souches de S. equorum, révélant leur potentiel métabolique important dans le fromage. Plusieurs attributs intéressants des S. equorum ont également été identifiés par des analyses de génomique comparative. D’abord, la relation entre le regroupement phylogénétique des souches avec leurs sources d’isolement indique une possibilité d’adaptation des souches à leur niche écologique. La présence de gènes uniques ou peu partagés est aussi une caractéristique identifiable dans les génomes des souches étudiées et pouvant avoir un impact sur les métabolismes des souches. La caractérisation du génome de souches de S. equorum et les analyses phylogénomiques fournissent de nouvelles informations sur son rôle dans le fromage et des indices sur son potentiel métabolique. Les données génomiques obtenues permettront, lors de validations futures, de sélectionner des souches ayant des propriétés désirables en fonction des variétés fromagères afin d’obtenir des fromages de qualité optimale.The natural microbiota of cheese has often been characterized to study their potential participation in the development of sensorial properties (taste, odour, texture) of the ripened cheeses. A better understanding of their role during cheese ripening is therefore essential in order to have a better control of its quality. Few in-depth genomic analyzes have been carried out on microorganisms of the natural microflora of cheese (non-inoculated microorganisms), while there is a greater interest for inoculated ferments. The genes possessed by bacterial strains of the Quebec terroir can be revealed by the characterization of their complete genome, leading to the prediction of the associated metabolic pathways. This also allows the establishment of the individual contribution of each strain to the production of aromatic compounds. As part of this work, the complete genome of four strains of Staphylococcus equorum were sequenced. Then, a detailed analysis of the genome of these four strains was completed by their assembly and the functional annotation of the ~ 2700 genes predicted in each of the studied strains. Genes potentially implicated in proteolysis, lipolysis and lactose degradation, were found in all S. equorum strains, revealing their potential metabolisms important for cheese. Several interesting attributes of S. equorum were also identified by comparative genomic analyses. First, the relation in between the phylogenetic grouping and the source of isolation of the strains, indicates a possible adaptation of the strains to their ecological niche. The presence of unique or barely shared genes is also a distinguishable characteristic of the studied strains and can have an impact on the metabolisms of the strains. The characterization of the genome of S. equorum strains and the phylogenomic analyzes have provided new information on their role in cheese and clues about their metabolic potential. The genomic data collected will allow during future validations the selection of strains with desirable properties in function of cheese variety to yield cheeses of optimal quality

Trophic ecology of three sympatric batoid species (Dasyatis pastinaca, Raja clavata, and Raja maderensis) from the Azores, NE Atlantic

ABSTRACT: Describing the trophic structure and interactions of demersal elasmobranch assemblages is fundamental to understanding food web dynamics and developing ecosystem-based management approaches. Stomach content analysis (SCA) and stable isotope ratios (SIA) of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) from muscle were used to examine the dietary habits and intra- and interspecific trophic ecology of three sympatric batoid species (Dasyatis pastinaca, Raja clavata, and Raja maderensis) from the Azores, Northeast Atlantic. Data were nalyzed with respect to sex and maturity stages. SCA showed that D.pastinaca feeds mostly on crustaceans, whereas R. clavata and R. maderensis prey almost exclusively on teleosts, but not on the same species. Dasyatis pastinaca displayed higher δ13C and lower δ15N values compared to R. clavata and R. maderensis. Trophic niche breadth was variable, D. pastinaca and R. clavata had the broadest and the narrowest trophic breadth, respectively. Relative trophic position categorized D. pastinaca as a mesopredator, while R. clavata and R. maderensis occupied higher trophic positions. With size, R. clavata and R. maderensis shifted from small prey such as crustaceans to larger prey such as teleosts, and they also exhibited significant increases in δ15N with size. Dietary and isotopic overlap was overall low among species, but it was higher between R. clavata and R. maderensis, suggesting more similarity in diet and habitat use between them than with D. pastinaca. This study depicts trophic interactions and functional roles of three co-existing batoid species in the Azorean food webs. In addition to presenting new information on the trophic ecology of D. pastinaca and R. clavata, the present study provides, to our knowledge, the first description of the diet composition and trophic level of the Macaronesian endemic batoid R. maderensis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effect of body length, trophic position and habitat use on mercury concentrations of sharks from contrasted ecosystems in the southwestern Indian Ocean

International audienceThe non-essential metal mercury (Hg) can have deleterious effects on health of organisms, and tends to bioaccumulate with age in long-lived organisms and to biomagnify along food chains. Because sharks are fished for human consumption and their Hg levels are frequently above the maximum Hg concentration recommended for fish consumption, understanding the drivers of Hg concentration is of considerable interest. Total Hg concentrations were analysed in muscle tissues of 14 shark and 2 batoid species (n = 339 individuals) sampled across multiple habitats (coastal, oceanic and bathyal) in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) were analysed to assess whether relative trophic position and foraging habitats affected Hg concentrations. Hg concentrations increased with δ15N and body length, highlighting the mechanisms of bioaccumulation and biomagnification in relation with the trophic position and size of the individuals. Habitats where elasmobranchs were collected also affected their Hg concentrations. Bathyal sharks had high Hg concentrations that were almost similar to those of oceanic species, despite their lower relative trophic position. Higher bioavailability of Hg due to its enhanced methylation in deeper waters was considered as the most likely explanation for this result. These results highlight that multiple factors contribute to mercury accumulation in elasmobranchs

Mozambique Channel Eddies in GCMs: A question of resolution and slippage

Hydrographic observations in the 21st century have shown that the flow within the MozambiqueChannel is best described by a series of large poleward-propagating anticyclonic eddies, rather than, aspreviously thought, a continuous intense western boundary current. The portrayal of this region in various runs of the NEMO 75-level model is found to vary between those two descriptions depending upon the resolution used and the implementation of the model's lateral boundary conditions. In a comparison of 1/4 ? resolution runs, the change of these conditions from free-slip to no-slip leads to the mean southward flow moving further offshore, with greater variability in the zonal and meridional velocities as the flow organises itself into eddies, and a reduction in total transport. If a realization of a model is unable to get these aspects of the physical flow correct, then this will significantly reduce its ability to show a realistic biological signal or long-term response to climate change. Further south, beyond Durban, the application of no-slip conditions similarly causes the mean Agulhas Current to lie further offshore, making it much more able to simulate Natal Pulses.<br/

Geographic variation in the trophic ecology of an avian rocky shore predator, the African black oystercatcher, along the southern African coastline

International audienceThe reflection of baseline isotopic signals along marine food chains up to higher trophic levels has been widely used in the study of oceanic top predators but rarely for intertidal predators. We investigated variation in the δ13C and δ15N ratios of a sedentary, rocky shore predator, the African black oystercatcher Haematopus moquini, over ~2000 km of the southern African coastline, which is characterized by strong biogeographic patterns in primary productivity and intertidal communities. Blood and feathers from breeding adults and chicks and muscle tissues from primary prey items (mussels and limpets) were sampled between southern Namibia and the southeast coast of South Africa. 15N enrichment was observed between the southeast and west coasts in oystercatcher tissues and their prey, mirroring an isotope shift between the oligotrophic Agulhas Current on the east coast and the eutrophic Benguela upwelling system on the west coast. Oystercatcher blood showed δ13C values that varied between those of the carbon-depleted mussels and the carbon-enriched limpets along the coastline, which reflected changes in the proportion of grazers and filter feeders in the oystercatcher diet across the sampling range. The geographic shift in diet, dominated by mussels on the west coast and composed of mixed proportions of mussels and limpets on the southeast coasts, strongly reflected regionally high abundances of the invasive Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Finally, isotope signatures of blood and feathers displayed a strong correlation throughout the study area, indicating seasonal stability in environmental conditions and feeding habits of the adults. There were, however, local discrepancies on the south coast that indicated movement of adults occurred outside the breeding season possibly in response to a lower abundance of food in this region. Overall, the results indicate that the influence of regional oceanic conditions on the base of the food web can penetrate to the predator level, but that local effects can be incorporated within this pattern

Seabirds enhance coral reef productivity and functioning in the absence of invasive rats

Biotic connectivity between ecosystems can provide major transport of organic matter and nutrients, influencing ecosystem structure and productivity1, yet the implications are poorly understood owing to human disruptions of natural flows2. When abundant, seabirds feeding in the open ocean transport large quantities of nutrients onto islands, enhancing the productivity of island fauna and flora3,4. Whether leaching of these nutrients back into the sea influences the productivity, structure and functioning of adjacent coral reef ecosystems is not known. Here we address this question using a rare natural experiment in the Chagos Archipelago, in which some islands are rat-infested and others are rat-free. We found that seabird densities and nitrogen deposition rates are 760 and 251 times higher, respectively, on islands where humans have not introduced rats. Consequently, rat-free islands had substantially higher nitrogen stable isotope (δ15N) values in soils and shrubs, reflecting pelagic nutrient sources. These higher values of δ15N were also apparent in macroalgae, filter-feeding sponges, turf algae and fish on adjacent coral reefs. Herbivorous damselfish on reefs adjacent to the rat-free islands grew faster, and fish communities had higher biomass across trophic feeding groups, with 48% greater overall biomass. Rates of two critical ecosystem functions, grazing and bioerosion, were 3.2 and 3.8 times higher, respectively, adjacent to rat-free islands. Collectively, these results reveal how rat introductions disrupt nutrient flows among pelagic, island and coral reef ecosystems. Thus, rat eradication on oceanic islands should be a high conservation priority as it is likely to benefit terrestrial ecosystems and enhance coral reef productivity and functioning by restoring seabird-derived nutrient subsidies from large areas of ocean