Socioeconomic burden of mental disorders in Spain 2006-2017

Mental health is not only the lack of mental disorders but is considered a crucial resource for overall health and well-being (including employment and productivity). The current paper tries to shed some light on the evolution of mental well-being over a period of 15 years, including the years before, during and after the most recent economic downturn. We use data coming from the Spanish National Health Surveys of 2006/2007, 2011/2012 and 2016/2017. Mental health is proxied by two measures, doctor-diagnosed mental disorder and psychological distress (based on GHQ-12). To account for the causal relationship between the two mental health indicators, we estimate a bivariate probit model. We observe different patterns of the two mental health indicators over time. Psychological distress increased during recession years, due to major risk factors as unemployment and loss of socioeconomic status. Even though the need for mental healthcare increased during the recession, the fact that fewer people were diagnosed suggests that barriers to access to mental healthcare may be aggravated during the crisis

Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders With an Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome-Like Phenotype: Immunologic Evaluation, Early Diagnosis and Management

Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRD) are associated with autoimmunity, autoinflammation and/or dysregulation of lymphocyte homeostasis. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a PIRD due to an apoptotic defect in Fas-FasL pathway and characterized by benign and chronic lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity and increased risk of lymphoma. Clinical manifestations and typical laboratory biomarkers of ALPS have also been found in patients with a gene defect out of the Fas-FasL pathway (ALPS-like disorders). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), we identified more than 600 patients suffering from 24 distinct genetic defects described in the literature with an autoimmune lymphoproliferative phenotype (ALPS-like syndromes) corresponding to phenocopies of primary immunodeficiency (PID) (NRAS, KRAS), susceptibility to EBV (MAGT1, PRKCD, XIAP, SH2D1A, RASGRP1, TNFRSF9), antibody deficiency (PIK3CD gain of function (GOF), PIK3R1 loss of function (LOF), CARD11 GOF), regulatory T-cells defects (CTLA4, LRBA, STAT3 GOF, IL2RA, IL2RB, DEF6), combined immunodeficiencies (ITK, STK4), defects in intrinsic and innate immunity and predisposition to infection (STAT1 GOF, IL12RB1) and autoimmunity/autoinflammation (ADA2, TNFAIP3,TPP2, TET2). CTLA4 and LRBA patients correspond around to 50% of total ALPS-like cases. However, only 100% of CTLA4, PRKCD, TET2 and NRAS/KRAS reported patients had an ALPS-like presentation, while the autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation combination resulted rare in other genetic defects. Recurrent infections, skin lesions, enteropathy and malignancy are the most common clinical manifestations. Some approaches available for the immunological study and identification of ALPS-like patients through flow cytometry and ALPS biomarkers are provided in this work. Protein expression assays for NKG2D, XIAP, SAP, CTLA4 and LRBA deficiencies and functional studies of AKT, STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, are showed as useful tests. Patients suspected to suffer from one of these disorders require rapid and correct diagnosis allowing initiation of tailored specific therapeutic strategies and monitoring thereby improving the prognosis and their quality of life.his work was supported by grants from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS-PI16/2053) to LA and LG-G. The project has been co-financed with FEDER funds. ML-N was co-financed by Fondo Social Europeo, Programa Operativo de empleo juvenil (YEI)

Acquired and Innate Immunity Impairment and Severe Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense Infection in a Patient With a NF-κB1 Deficiency

Background: NF-κB1 is a master regulator of both acquired and innate responses. NFKB1 loss-of-function mutations elicit a wide clinical phenotype with asymptomatic individuals at one end of the spectrum and patients with common variable immunodeficiency, combined immunodeficiency or autoinflammation at the other. Impairment of acquired and innate immunity and disseminated Mycobacterium genavense infection expands the clinical and immunological phenotype of NF-κB1 deficiency.Objective: Functional and molecular characterization of a patient with a novel phenotype of NF-κB1 deficiency.Methods: Circulating T, B, dendritic cell subsets and innate or unconventional T-cells were quantified. The cytokine production in stimulated whole blood samples was assessed and molecular characterization by next generation sequencing and gene expression assays were also performed.Results: We report a patient presenting with features of combined immunodeficiency (CID) and disseminated Mycobacterium genavense infection. Sequencing of genomic DNA identified a novel synonymous mutation (c.705G > A) in NFKB1 gene which resulted in exon 8 skipping and haploinsufficiency of the NF-κB1 subunit p50. The susceptibility to atypical mycobacterial infection has not been previously reported and may be the result of a dendritic cell deficiency. A selective deficiency of circulating follicular helper T (cTFH) cells responsible for mediating the differentiation of naive B cells into memory and plasma cells was also present in the patient. It could affect the maturation of innate or unconventional T cells where NF-κB1 could also be involved.Conclusion: These findings showed that the role of NF-κB1 in humans could be critical for the development of acquired and innate immunity and further highlights the role of human T cells in anti-mycobacterial immunity

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Oncohaematology: Warning Signs, Diagnosis, and Management

Background: Immunodeficiencies (ID), in particular primary immunodeficiencies (PID), are often associated with haematological manifestations, such as peripheral cytopenias or lymphoproliferative syndromes. Early diagnosis and management have significant prognostic implications. Secondary immunodeficiencies (SID) may also be induced by oncohaematological diseases and their treatments. Haematologists and oncologists must therefore be aware of the association between blood disorders and cancer and ID, and be prepared to offer their patients appropriate treatment without delay. Our aim was to define the warning signs of primary and secondary IDs in paediatric and adult patients with oncohaematological manifestations.Methods: A multidisciplinary group of six experts (2 haematologists, 2 immunologists, and 2 paediatricians specializing in ID) conducted a literature review and prepared a document based on agreements reached an in-person meeting. An external group of 44 IDs specialists from all over Spain assessed the document and were consulted regarding their level of agreement.Results: This document identifies the haematological and extra-haematological diseases that should prompt a suspicion of PIDs in adults and children, in both primary care and haematology and oncology departments. Cytopenia and certain lymphoproliferative disorders are key diagnostic pointers. The diagnosis must be based on a detailed clinical history, physical exploration, complete blood count and standard laboratory tests. The immunological and haematological tests included in the diagnostic process will depend on the care level. Patients who are candidates for immunoglobulin replacement therapy must be carefully selected, and treatment should be offered as soon as possible to avoid the development of complications. Finally, this document recommends procedures for monitoring these patients.Conclusions: This document combines scientific evidence with the opinion of a broad panel of experts, and emphasizes the importance of an early diagnosis and treatment to avoid complications. The resulting document is a useful tool for primary care physicians and specialists who see both adult and paediatric patients with oncohaematological diseases

La economía de los servicios de atención bucodental en España

The economic analysis of dental care has been peripheral to research conducted by health care economists in Spain. In many respects, dental care has been regarded to be a standard health care service that can be analysed with the same tools as health care services in general. This estudy purports to examine the economics of dental services in Spain in four major areas: state of dental health and factors involved; the different forms of delivering dental services; the factors conditioning the demand for and use of such services; and finally, financing and insurability of this type of services. Insofar as the available data permit, the situation in Spain in each of these four areas is compared to the situation prevailing in other European Union countries. The added value of the study lies not only in its discussion of an area largely neglected by health care economists, but also in the possible courses charted for future research.El análisis económico de los servicios de atención bucodental en España ha estado alejado del interés investigador por parte de nuestros economistas de la salud. En muchos aspectos, la atención bucodental ha sido considerada como un servicio sanitario más al cual podían aplicarse los mismos instrumentos analíticos que a otros servicios de la asistencia sanitaria en general. El propósito del presente trabajo es estudiar la economía de los servicios de atención bucodental en España, en cuatro de sus áreas mayores: el estado de la salud bucodental y sus determinantes, las distintas formas de provisión de servicios dentales, los condicionantes de la demanda y utilización de los mismos y, finalmente, la financiación y asegurabilidad de este tipo de servicios. En la medida en que los datos disponibles lo permiten, se compara nuestra situación, en cada una de estas cuatro áreas, con la de otros países de la Unión Europea. El valor añadido del trabajo, no es sólo abordar un tema olvidado por los economistas de la salud, sino dibujar las posibles direcciones que podrían seguir las investigaciones futuras

Adicción racional limitada en la consolidación del hábito tabáquico: una aproximación empírica

El presente trabajo propone una aproximación empírica novedosa al efecto que el precio de los cigarrillos tiene sobre la consolidación del hábito tabáquico. Se plantean dos enfoques de estimación alternativos. El primero realiza un análisis del comportamiento del adulto joven en el mercado, en lo que respecta a la elección del precio de la marca de cigarrillos consumida, obteniéndose una elasticidad-precio de la demanda de cigarrillos que denominamos «elasticidad observada». En el segundo enfoque, se propone un cambio al entorno de las preferencias declaradas mediante la aplicación del método de valoración contingente. Los adultos jóvenes con mayor experiencia en el consumo de tabaco (mayor consumo, mayor nivel de adicción y con varios fracasos en sucesivos intentos de abandono) ajustan mejor su elasticidad declarada a la elasticidad observada, evidencia que respalda a aquellos modelos económicos que enfatizan la inexistencia de racionalidad total

Impacto sobre el consumo en bares, cafeterías y restaurantes de la modificación de la ley del tabaco española

Objetivo: analizar el impacto sobre el consumo en bares, cafeterías y restaurantes de la Ley 42/2010 de modificación de medidas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo. Métodos: explotación de los microdatos de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares en 2010 y 2011. Los ficheros de enlace nos permiten hacer un seguimiento a un amplio número de hogares que permanecen en la muestra 2 años consecutivos. Tomando como referencia el año 2010 se cuantifica cómo han cambiado las pautas de consumo en los establecimientos hosteleros, diferenciando entre hogares fumadores y no fumadores. Resultados: los efectos marginales en la primera etapa del modelo en dos partes muestran una probabilidad media de realizar algún gasto del 96% en las familias fumadoras,frente al 86% de las no fumadoras, sin variaciones significativas entre 2010 y 2011. En lo que respecta a la proporción sobre el gasto total del hogar, las familias fumadoras gastaron en establecimientos hosteleros un 7,961% en 2010 y un 7,796% en 2011, frente al 7,25% y el 7,272%, respectivamente, de las familias no fumadoras. El estimador de dobles diferencias, entre años y entre familias, no resulta estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: la Ley 42/2010 no ha tenido influencia en los cambios de los hábitos de consumo de las familias españolas en los establecimientos de hostelería. Las decisiones de consumo están más relacionadas con las características sociodemográficas (como el número de hijos del hogar) y con el impacto de la crisis económica (desempleo y reducción de los ingresos)