Mechanisms of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of habituation and expectancy violation on short-term outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy

Background: Exposure and response prevention is effective and recommended as the first choice for treating obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD). Its mechanisms of action are rarely studied, but two major theories make distinct assumptions: while the emotional processing theory assumes that treatment effects are associated with habituation within and between exposure sessions, the inhibitory learning approach highlights the acquisition of additional associations, implying alternative mechanisms like expectancy violation. The present study aimed to investigate whether process variables derived from both theories predict short-term outcome. Method: In a university outpatient unit, 110 patients (63 female) with OCD received manual-based cognitive-behavioral therapy with high standardization of the first two exposure sessions. Specifically, therapists repeated the first exposure session identically and assessed subjective units of distress as well as expectancy ratings in the course of exposure sessions. Based on these data, individual scores for habituation and distress-related expectancy violation were calculated and used for prediction of both percentage change on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and remission status after 20 therapy sessions. Results: In a multiple regression model for percentage change, within-session habituation during the first exposure was a significant predictor, while in a logistic regression predicting remission status, distress-related expectancy violation during the first exposure revealed significance. A path model further supported these findings. Conclusions: The results represent first evidence for distress-related expectancy violation and confirm preliminary findings for habituation, suggesting that both processes contribute to treatment benefits of exposure in OCD, and both mechanisms appear to be independent

Mechanisms of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of habituation and expectancy violation on short-term outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy

Background Exposure and response prevention is effective and recommended as the first choice for treating obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD). Its mechanisms of action are rarely studied, but two major theories make distinct assumptions: while the emotional processing theory assumes that treatment effects are associated with habituation within and between exposure sessions, the inhibitory learning approach highlights the acquisition of additional associations, implying alternative mechanisms like expectancy violation. The present study aimed to investigate whether process variables derived from both theories predict short-term outcome. Method In a university outpatient unit, 110 patients (63 female) with OCD received manual-based cognitive-behavioral therapy with high standardization of the first two exposure sessions. Specifically, therapists repeated the first exposure session identically and assessed subjective units of distress as well as expectancy ratings in the course of exposure sessions. Based on these data, individual scores for habituation and distress-related expectancy violation were calculated and used for prediction of both percentage change on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and remission status after 20 therapy sessions. Results In a multiple regression model for percentage change, within-session habituation during the first exposure was a significant predictor, while in a logistic regression predicting remission status, distress-related expectancy violation during the first exposure revealed significance. A path model further supported these findings. Conclusions The results represent first evidence for distress-related expectancy violation and confirm preliminary findings for habituation, suggesting that both processes contribute to treatment benefits of exposure in OCD, and both mechanisms appear to be independent

Identifying CBT non-response among OCD outpatients: A machine-learning approach

Objectives: Machine learning models predicting treatment outcomes for individual patients may yield high clinical utility. However, few studies tested the utility of easy to acquire and low-cost sociodemographic and clinical data. In previous work, we reported significant predictions still insufficient for immediate clinical use in a sample with broad diagnostic spectrum. We here examined whether predictions will improve in a diagnostically more homogeneous yet large and naturalistic obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) sample. Methods: We used sociodemographic and clinical data routinely acquired during CBT treatment of n = 533 OCD subjects in a specialized outpatient clinic. Results: Remission was predicted with 65% (p = 0.001) balanced accuracy on unseen data for the best model. Higher OCD symptom severity predicted non-remission, while higher age of onset of first OCD symptoms and higher socioeconomic status predicted remission. For dimensional change, prediction achieved r = 0.31 (p = 0.001) between predicted and actual values. Conclusions: The comparison with our previous work suggests that predictions within a diagnostically homogeneous sample, here OCD, are not per se superior to a more diverse sample including several diagnostic groups. Using refined psychological predictors associated with disorder etiology and maintenance or adding further data modalities as neuroimaging or ecological momentary assessments are promising in order to further increase prediction accuracy.Peer Reviewe

Reflexion, Begleitung, Austausch – Die Online-Plattform StudentBodies-AN1 zur Prävention von Magersucht

Internetbasierte Gesundheitsinterventionen (IGI) finden aufgrund ihrer Vorteile und Möglichkeiten eine zunehmende Verbreitung und sind zugleich ein innovatives Forschungsfeld. Sie ermöglichen eine schnelle und weite Verbreitung bei relativ geringen Kosten pro Teilnehmer/in. Die ortsunabhängige Zugänglichkeit der Gesundheitsangebote erleichtert die Versorgung auch im ländlichen Raum. Weitere Vorteile bestehen in der zeitlich unabhängigen Nutzung, die sich leicht in den individuellen Tagesablauf integrieren lässt, ebenso wie in der Wahrung der Anonymität der Nutzer/innen, die eine offene und ehrliche Auseinandersetzung mit potentiell schwierigen Themen in einer Gruppe erleichtern kann. Diese Erwartungen sind die logische Konsequenz von Befunden aus der Grundlagenforschung zu computervermittelter Kommunikation

Healthy Teens @ School: Evaluating and disseminating transdiagnostic preventive interventions for eating disorders and obesity for adolescents in school settings

Background The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity is at alarming levels. Nearly one in three children in Europe is overweight or obese. Disordered eating and body image concerns are equally widespread and increase risk for more chronic and severe weight-related problems. Research has shown that online interventions that address both healthy weight regulation and body image can reduce risk for eating disorders and obesity simultaneously and are feasible to implement in school settings. To date, evaluation and dissemination of such programs in Europe is scant. Methods The Healthy Teens @ School study is a multi-country cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the effectiveness of an unguided, online, multi-level intervention for promoting a healthy lifestyle and reducing problematic eating behavior, eating disorder and obesity risk among students aged 14 to 19 years with control condition. As part of the Horizon 2020 funded project ICare (GA No. 634757) the trial is conducted in Austria and Spain. Cluster randomization by school is used. The intervention is an adapted version of an evidence-based program developed in the USA (StayingFit). Participants of the intervention group are assigned to one of two possible program tracks based on the results of the initial online-assessment: Overweight adolescents are assigned to the “Weight Management” track emphasizing balanced eating and exercise for weight maintenance, and all other individuals are assigned to the “Healthy Habits” track which aims at promoting healthy habits related to e.g., nutrition, physical activity, sleep. The participants of both tracks work on ten modules (one 20–30 min module per week) during school hours and/or at home. Assessments are conducted at pre- and post-intervention, and at 6- and 12-months after baseline assessment. The primary outcome is intuitive eating, secondary outcomes are eating disorder symptomatology, body image concerns, body mass index, food intake, physical activity, self-esteem, stress coping, depression, and anxiety. Following the initial assessment, individuals in the control group do not have access to the prevention program but continue as normal and are only prompted to the assessments at all time points. At the end of the 12-month study they will get access to the program. Discussion The results from this study will add to the understanding of how to address eating and weight related problems in adolescents and will shed light on the feasibility of implementing online prevention programs in school routine in Austria and Spain. As part of the larger ICare project this RCT will determine how an adapted version of StayingFit is disseminated within Europe

Spinocerebellar Ataxia Types 1, 2, 3 and 6: the Clinical Spectrum of Ataxia and Morphometric Brainstem and Cerebellar Findings

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Reflexion, Begleitung, Austausch – Die Online-Plattform StudentBodies-AN1 zur Prävention von Magersucht

Internetbasierte Gesundheitsinterventionen (IGI) finden aufgrund ihrer Vorteile und Möglichkeiten eine zunehmende Verbreitung und sind zugleich ein innovatives Forschungsfeld. Sie ermöglichen eine schnelle und weite Verbreitung bei relativ geringen Kosten pro Teilnehmer/in. Die ortsunabhängige Zugänglichkeit der Gesundheitsangebote erleichtert die Versorgung auch im ländlichen Raum. Weitere Vorteile bestehen in der zeitlich unabhängigen Nutzung, die sich leicht in den individuellen Tagesablauf integrieren lässt, ebenso wie in der Wahrung der Anonymität der Nutzer/innen, die eine offene und ehrliche Auseinandersetzung mit potentiell schwierigen Themen in einer Gruppe erleichtern kann. Diese Erwartungen sind die logische Konsequenz von Befunden aus der Grundlagenforschung zu computervermittelter Kommunikation

Reflexion, Begleitung, Austausch – Die Online-Plattform StudentBodies-AN1 zur Prävention von Magersucht

Internetbasierte Gesundheitsinterventionen (IGI) finden aufgrund ihrer Vorteile und Möglichkeiten eine zunehmende Verbreitung und sind zugleich ein innovatives Forschungsfeld. Sie ermöglichen eine schnelle und weite Verbreitung bei relativ geringen Kosten pro Teilnehmer/in. Die ortsunabhängige Zugänglichkeit der Gesundheitsangebote erleichtert die Versorgung auch im ländlichen Raum. Weitere Vorteile bestehen in der zeitlich unabhängigen Nutzung, die sich leicht in den individuellen Tagesablauf integrieren lässt, ebenso wie in der Wahrung der Anonymität der Nutzer/innen, die eine offene und ehrliche Auseinandersetzung mit potentiell schwierigen Themen in einer Gruppe erleichtern kann. Diese Erwartungen sind die logische Konsequenz von Befunden aus der Grundlagenforschung zu computervermittelter Kommunikation

Body Mass Index Decline Is Related to Spinocerebellar Ataxia Disease Progression

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