325 research outputs found
Human-carnivore relations: conflicts, tolerance and coexistence in the American West
Carnivore and humans live in proximity due to carnivore recovery efforts and ongoing human encroachment into carnivore habitats globally. The American West is a region that uniquely exemplifies these human-carnivore dynamics, however, it is unclear how the research community here integrates social and ecological factors to examine human-carnivore relations. Therefore, strategies promoting human-carnivore coexistence are urgently needed. We conducted a systematic review on human-carnivore relations in the American West covering studies between 2000 and 2018. We first characterized human-carnivore relations across states of the American West. Second, we analyzed similarities and dissimilarities across states in terms of coexistence, tolerance, number of ecosystem services and conflicts mentioned in literature. Third, we used Bayesian modeling to quantify the effect of social and ecological factors influencing the scientific interest on coexistence, tolerance, ecosystem services and conflicts. Results revealed some underlying biases in human-carnivore relations research. Colorado and Montana were the states where the highest proportion of studies were conducted with bears and wolves the most studied species. Non-lethal management was the most common strategy to mitigate conflicts. Overall, conflicts with carnivores were much more frequently mentioned than benefits. We found similarities among Arizona, California, Utah, and New Mexico according to how coexistence, tolerance, services and conflicts are addressed in literature. We identified percentage of federal/private land, carnivore family, social actors, and management actions, as factors explaining how coexistence, tolerance, conflicts and services are addressed in literature. We provide a roadmap to foster tolerance towards carnivores and successful coexistence strategies in the American West based on four main domains, (1) the dual role of carnivores as providers of both beneficial and detrimental contributions to people, (2) social-ecological factors underpinning the provision of beneficial and detrimental contributions, (3) the inclusion of diverse actors, and (4) cross-state collaborative management
Mesoscopic structure conditions the emergence of cooperation on social networks
We study the evolutionary Prisoner's Dilemma on two social networks obtained
from actual relational data. We find very different cooperation levels on each
of them that can not be easily understood in terms of global statistical
properties of both networks. We claim that the result can be understood at the
mesoscopic scale, by studying the community structure of the networks. We
explain the dependence of the cooperation level on the temptation parameter in
terms of the internal structure of the communities and their interconnections.
We then test our results on community-structured, specifically designed
artificial networks, finding perfect agreement with the observations in the
real networks. Our results support the conclusion that studies of evolutionary
games on model networks and their interpretation in terms of global properties
may not be sufficient to study specific, real social systems. In addition, the
community perspective may be helpful to interpret the origin and behavior of
existing networks as well as to design structures that show resilient
cooperative behavior.Comment: Largely improved version, includes an artificial network model that
fully confirms the explanation of the results in terms of inter- and
intra-community structur
Clinical experience with integrase inhibitors in HIV-2-infected individuals in Spain.
Background: HIV-2 is a neglected virus despite estimates of 1â2 million people being infected worldwide. The virus is naturally resistant to some antiretrovirals used to treat HIV-1 and therapeutic options are limited for patients with HIV-2.
Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we analysed all HIV-2-infected individuals treated with inte- grase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) recorded in the Spanish HIV-2 cohort. Demographics, treatment modal- ities, laboratory values, quantitative HIV-2 RNA and CD4 counts as well as drug resistance were analysed.
Results: From a total of 354 HIV-2-infected patients recruited by the Spanish HIV-2 cohort as of December 2017, INSTIs had been given to 44, in 18 as first-line therapy and in 26 after failing other antiretroviral regimens. After a median follow-up of 13 months of INSTI-based therapy, undetectable viraemia for HIV-2 was achieved in 89% of treatment-naive and in 65.4% of treatment-experienced patients. In parallel, CD4 gains were 82 and 126cells/mm3, respectively. Treatment failure occurred in 15 patients, 2 being treatment-naive and 13 treatment-experienced. INSTI resistance changes were recognized in 12 patients: N155H (5), Q148H/R (3), Y143C/G (3) and R263K (1).
Conclusions: Combinations based on INSTIs are effective and safe treatment options for HIV-2-infected individ- uals. However, resistance mutations to INSTIs are selected frequently in failing patients, reducing the already limited treatment options
Interactive Effect of UVR and Phosphorus on the Coastal Phytoplankton Community of the Western Mediterranean Sea: Unravelling Eco- Physiological Mechanisms
VersiĂłn del editor4,411
High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Semiconductor Heterostructures and Nanostructures
This chapter briefly describes the fundamentals of high-resolution electron microscopy techniques. In particular, the Peak Pairs approach for strain mapping with atomic column resolution, and a quantitative procedure to extract atomic column compositional information from Z-contrast high-resolution images are presented. It also reviews the structural, compositional, and strain results obtained by conventional and advanced transmission electron microscopy methods on a number of IIIâV semiconductor nanostructures and heterostructures
Integral strategy to supportive care in breast cancer survivors through occupational therapy and a m-health system: design of a randomized clinical trial
Background: Technological support using e-health mobile applications (m-health) is a promising strategy to improve
the adherence to healthy lifestyles in breast cancer survivors (excess in energy intake or low physical activity are
determinants of the risk of recurrence, second cancers and cancer mortality). Moreover, cancer rehabilitation
programs supervised by health professionals are needed due to the inherent characteristics of these breast cancer
patients. Our main objective is to compare the clinical efficacy of a m-health lifestyle intervention system alone versus
an integral strategy to improve Quality of Life in breast cancer survivors.
Methods: This therapeutic superiority study will use a two-arm, assessor blinded parallel RCT design. Women will be
eligible if: they are diagnosed of stage I, II or III-A breast cancer; are between 25 and 75 years old; have a Body Mass
Index > 25 kg/m2; they have basic ability to use mobile apps; they had completed adjuvant therapy except for
hormone therapy; and they have some functional shoulder limitations. Participants will be randomized to one of
the following groups: integral group will use a mobile application (BENECA APP) and will receive a face-to-face
rehabilitation (8-weeks); m-health group will use the BENECA app for 2-months and will received usual care
information. Study endpoints will be assessed after 8 weeks and 6 months. The primary outcome will be Quality
of Life measured by The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core
and breast module. The secondary outcomes: body composition; upper-body functionality (handgrip, Disability of the
Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, goniometry); cognitive function (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Trail Making
Test); anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale); physical fitness (Short version of the Minnesota
Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, Self-Efficacy Scale for Physical Activity); accelerometry and lymphedema.
Discussion: This study has been designed to seek to address the new needs for support and treatment of breast cancer
survivors, reflecting the emerging need to merge new low cost treatment options with much-needed involvement of
health professionals in this type of patients.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02817724 (date of registration: 22/06/2016).The study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
(Plan Estatal de I + D + I 2013-2016), Fondo de InvestigaciĂłn Sanitaria del Instituto
de Salud Carlos III (PI14/01627), Fondos Estructurales de la UniĂłn Europea (FEDER)
and by the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU14/01069). This is part of a Ph.D.
Thesis conducted in the Clinical Medicine and Public Health Doctoral Studies of
the University of Granada, Spain
Potential role of D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase and 14-3-3 genes in the crosstalk between Zea mays and Rhizophagus intraradices under drought stress
Age and date for early arrival of the Acheulian in Europe (Barranc de la Boella, la Canonja, Spain)
The first arrivals of hominin populations into Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene are currently considered to have occurred
as short and poorly dated biological dispersions. Questions as to the tempo and mode of these early prehistoric settlements
have given rise to debates concerning the taxonomic significance of the lithic assemblages, as trace fossils, and the
geographical distribution of the technological traditions found in the Lower Palaeolithic record. Here, we report on the
Barranc de la Boella site which has yielded a lithic assemblage dating to ,1 million years ago that includes large cutting
tools (LCT). We argue that distinct technological traditions coexisted in the Iberian archaeological repertoires of the late
Early Pleistocene age in a similar way to the earliest sub-Saharan African artefact assemblages. These differences between
stone tool assemblages may be attributed to the different chronologies of hominin dispersal events. The archaeological
record of Barranc de la Boella completes the geographical distribution of LCT assemblages across southern Eurasia during
the EMPT (Early-Middle Pleistocene Transition, circa 942 to 641 kyr). Up to now, chronology of the earliest European LCT
assemblages is based on the abundant Palaeolithic record found in terrace river sequences which have been dated to the
end of the EMPT and later. However, the findings at Barranc de la Boella suggest that early LCT lithic assemblages appeared
in the SW of Europe during earlier hominin dispersal episodes before the definitive colonization of temperate Eurasia took
place.The research at Barranc de la Boella has been carried out with the financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de EconomıŽa y Competitividad (CGL2012-
36682; CGL2012-38358, CGL2012-38434-C03-03 and CGL2010-15326; MICINN project HAR2009-7223/HIST), Generalitat de Catalunya, AGAUR agence (projects
2014SGR-901; 2014SGR-899; 2009SGR-324, 2009PBR-0033 and 2009SGR-188) and Junta de Castilla y LeoÂŽn BU1004A09. Financial support for Barranc de la Boella
field work and archaeological excavations is provided by the Ajuntament de la Canonja and Departament de Cultura (Servei dâArqueologia i Paleontologia) de la
Generalitat de Catalunya. A. Carranchoâs research was funded by the International Excellence Programme, Reinforcement subprogramme of the Spanish Ministry
of Education. I. Lozano-FernaÂŽndez acknowledges the pre-doctoral grant from the FundacioÂŽn Atapuerca. The funders had no role in study design, data collection
and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
Genetic Ancestry, Race, and Severity of Acutely Decompensated Cirrhosis in Latin America
Background & Aims: Genetic ancestry or racial differences in health outcomes exist in diseases associated with systemic inflammation (eg, COVID-19). This study aimed to investigate the association of genetic ancestry and race with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which is characterized by acute systemic inflammation, multi-organ failure, and high risk of short-term death. /
Methods: This prospective cohort study analyzed a comprehensive set of data, including genetic ancestry and race among several others, in 1274 patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis who were nonelectively admitted to 44 hospitals from 7 Latin American countries. /
Results: Three hundred ninety-five patients (31.0%) had ACLF of any grade at enrollment. Patients with ACLF had a higher median percentage of Native American genetic ancestry and lower median percentage of European ancestry than patients without ACLF (22.6% vs 12.9% and 53.4% vs 59.6%, respectively). The median percentage of African genetic ancestry was low among patients with ACLF and among those without ACLF. In terms of race, a higher percentage of patients with ACLF than patients without ACLF were Native American and a lower percentage of patients with ACLF than patients without ACLF were European American or African American. In multivariable analyses that adjusted for differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the odds ratio for ACLF at enrollment was 1.08 (95% CI, 1.03â1.13) with Native American genetic ancestry and 2.57 (95% CI, 1.84â3.58) for Native American race vs European American race. /
Conclusions: In a large cohort of Latin American patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis, increasing percentages of Native American ancestry and Native American race were factors independently associated with ACLF at enrollment
A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)
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