206 research outputs found
A parameterization of Greenland's tip jets suitable for ocean or coupled climate models
Greenland's tip jets are low-level, high wind speed jets forced by an interaction of the synoptic-scale atmospheric flow and the steep, high orography of Greenland. These jets are thought to play an important role in both preconditioning for, and triggering of, open-ocean convection in the Irminger Sea. However, the relatively small spatial scale of the jets prevents their accurate representation in the relatively low resolution (~1 degree) atmospheric (re-)analyses which are typically used to force ocean general circulation models (e.g. ECMWF ERA-40 and NCEP reanalyses, or products based on these). Here we present a method of βbogussingβ Greenland's tip jets into such surface wind fields and thus, via bulk flux formulae, into the air-sea turbulent flux fields. In this way the full impact of these mesoscale tip jets can be incorporated in any ocean general circulation model of sufficient resolution. The tip jet parameterization is relatively simple, making use of observed linear gradients in wind speed along and across the jet, but is shown to be accurate to a few m s-1 on average. The inclusion of tip jets results in a large local increase in both the heat and momentum fluxes. When applied to a 1-dimensional mixed-layer model this results in a deepening of the winter mixed-layer of over 300 m. The parameterization scheme only requires 10 meter wind speed and mean sea level pressure as input fields; thus it is also suitable for incorporation into a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model at the coupling stage
Tegaserod Treatment for Dysmotility-Like Functional Dyspepsia: Results of Two Randomized, Controlled Trials
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74639/1/j.1572-0241.2008.01953.x.pd
Dynamic stabilization zone structure of jet diffusion flames from liftoff to blowout
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76733/1/AIAA-23512-341.pd
Recommended from our members
Freshwater transport in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system: a passive ocean
Conservation of water demands that meridional ocean and atmosphere freshwater transports (FWT) are of equal magnitude but opposite in direction. This suggests that the atmospheric FWT and its associated latent heat (LH) transport could be thought of as a \textquotedblleft coupled ocean/atmosphere mode\textquotedblright. But what is the true nature of this coupling? Is the ocean passive or active?
Here we analyze a series of simulations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice model employing highly idealized geometries but with markedly different coupled climates and patterns of ocean circulation. Exploiting streamfunctions in specific humidity coordinates for the atmosphere and salt coordinates for the ocean to represent FWT in their respective medium, we find that atmospheric FWT/LH transport is essentially independent of the ocean state. Ocean circulation and salinity distribution adjust to achieve a return freshwater pathway demanded of them by the atmosphere. So, although ocean and atmosphere FWTs are indeed coupled by mass conservation, the ocean is a passive component acting as a reservoir of freshwater
The Vehicle, 1964, Vol. 6
Vol. 6
Table of Contents
Milepostspage 2
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial Pagepage 4
Sadness No. 4 (Sorgen)Sherry S. Frypage 5
Christian BurialRoger J. Barrypage 7
The World of BeautyDavid Helmpage 9
The Song of the LarksDon Kapraunpage 10
ContrastKeith Haierpage 13
PanoramaDaun Alan Leggpage 13
A Child\u27s View of DeathCherie Brondellpage 14
RegretLiz Puckettpage 16
Brutal WarMary H. Soukuppage 17
aloneLiz Puckettpage 18
MadgeLinda Galeypage 19
Moon WatchingJoel E. Hendrickspage 20
AnalysisLiz Puckettpage 21
UniverseRick Talleypage 21
Anyone Can Be A LuniticRick Towsonpage 22
I, Too, Have A Rendezvous with DeathElaine Lancepage 23
The ReturnRobert D. Thomaspage 24
NamesLarry Gatespage 25
Eternal MomentsDavid Helmpage 25
The Last DaysPauline B. Smithpage 26
BeliefRichard J. Wiesepage 27
StormPauline B. Smithpage 28
ExplosionLiz Puckettpage 29
Autumn EveJoel E. Hendrickspage 29
The Girl On the White PonyLarry Gatespage 31
HoffnungTerry Michael Salempage 33
Stone WallsDaun Alan Leggpage 34
AdorationGail M. Barenfangerpage 37
MirageRoy L. Carlsonpage 38
Nature and NonsenseRick Talleypage 39
A Step Through A Looking GlassMarilyn Henrypage 40
Thoughts of a Summer PastPauline B Smithpage 42
Indiana GrassLarry Gatespage 43
RedondillaRoberta Matthewspage 44
Summer LoveDaun Alan Leggpage 45
To Youth Reaching For MaturityDavid Helmpage 45
Thanksgiving DayJoel E. Hendrickspage 46
Sadness No. 6 (Schatten)Sherry S. Frypage 48https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1012/thumbnail.jp
The state of the Martian climate
60Β°N was +2.0Β°C, relative to the 1981β2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2Β°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes
The impact of illness in patients with moderate to severe gastro-esophageal reflux disease
BACKGROUND: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease. It impairs health related quality of life (HRQL). However, the impact on utility scores and work productivity in patients with moderate to severe GERD is not well known. METHODS: We analyzed data from 217 patients with moderate to severe GERD (mean age 50, SD 13.7) across 17 Canadian centers. Patients completed three utility instruments β the standard gamble (SG), the feeling thermometer (FT), and the Health Utilities Index 3 (HUI 3) β and several HRQL instruments, including Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia (QOLRAD) and the Medical Outcomes Short Form-36 (SF-36). All patients received a proton pump inhibitor, esomeprazole 40 mg daily, for four to six weeks. RESULTS: The mean scores on a scale from 0 (dead) to 1 (full health) obtained for the FT, SG, and HUI 3 were 0.67 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.70), 0.76 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.80), and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.77 to 0.82) respectively. The mean scores on the SF-36 were lower than the previously reported Canadian and US general population mean scores and work productivity was impaired. CONCLUSION: GERD has significant impact on utility scores, HRQL, and work productivity in patients with moderate to severe disease. Furthermore, the FT and HUI 3 provide more valid measurements of HRQL in GERD than the SG. After treatment with esomeprazole, patients showed improved HRQL
Characterizing Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptors with Genetically Encoded Ca++ Sensors
We present a cell based system and experimental approach to characterize agonist and antagonist selectivity for ligand-gated ion channels (LGIC) by developing sensor cells stably expressing a Ca2+ permeable LGIC and a genetically encoded FΓΆrster (or fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based calcium sensor. In particular, we describe separate lines with human Ξ±7 and human Ξ±4Ξ²2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, mouse 5-HT3A serotonin receptors and a chimera of human Ξ±7/mouse 5-HT3A receptors. Complete concentration-response curves for agonists and Schild plots of antagonists were generated from these sensors and the results validate known pharmacology of the receptors tested. Concentration-response relations can be generated from either the initial rate or maximal amplitudes of FRET-signal. Although assaying at a medium throughput level, this pharmacological fluorescence detection technique employs a clonal line for stability and has versatility for screening laboratory generated congeners as agonists or antagonists on multiple subtypes of ligand-gated ion channels. The clonal sensor lines are also compatible with in vivo usage to measure indirectly receptor activation by endogenous neurotransmitters
Purinergic Receptor Stimulation Reduces Cytotoxic Edema and Brain Infarcts in Mouse Induced by Photothrombosis by Energizing Glial Mitochondria
Treatments to improve the neurological outcome of edema and cerebral ischemic stroke are severely limited. Here, we present the first in vivo single cell images of cortical mouse astrocytes documenting the impact of single vessel photothrombosis on cytotoxic edema and cerebral infarcts. The volume of astrocytes expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) increased by over 600% within 3 hours of ischemia. The subsequent growth of cerebral infarcts was easily followed as the loss of GFP fluorescence as astrocytes lysed. Cytotoxic edema and the magnitude of ischemic lesions were significantly reduced by treatment with the purinergic ligand 2-methylthioladenosine 5β² diphosphate (2-MeSADP), an agonist with high specificity for the purinergic receptor type 1 isoform (P2Y1R). At 24 hours, cytotoxic edema in astrocytes was still apparent at the penumbra and preceded the cell lysis that defined the infarct. Delayed 2MeSADP treatment, 24 hours after the initial thrombosis, also significantly reduced cytotoxic edema and the continued growth of the brain infarction. Pharmacological and genetic evidence are presented indicating that 2MeSADP protection is mediated by enhanced astrocyte mitochondrial metabolism via increased inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent Ca2+ release. We suggest that mitochondria play a critical role in astrocyte energy metabolism in the penumbra of ischemic lesions, where low ATP levels are widely accepted to be responsible for cytotoxic edema. Enhancement of this energy source could have similar protective benefits for a wide range of brain injuries
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in 41 adults: the illness, the patients, and problems of management
BACKGROUND: Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent, stereotypic episodes of incapacitating nausea, vomiting and other symptoms, separated by intervals of comparative wellness. This report describes the clinical features, co-morbidities and problems encountered in management of 41 adult patients who met the diagnostic criteria for CVS. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of adults with CVS seen between 1994 and 2003. Follow-up data were obtained by mailed questionnaires. RESULTS: Age of onset ranged from 2 to 49 years. The duration of CVS at the time of consultation ranged from less than 1 year to 49 years. CVS episodes were stereotypic in respect of their hours of onset, symptomatology and length. Ninety-three percent of patients had recognizable prodromes. Half of the patients experienced a constellation of symptoms consisting of CVS episodes, migraine diathesis, inter-episodic dyspeptic nausea and a history of panic attacks. Deterioration in the course of CVS is indicated by coalescence of episodes in time. The prognosis of CVS is favorable in the majority of patients. CONCLUSION: CVS is a disabling disorder affecting adults as well as children. Because its occurrence in adults is little known, patients experience delayed or mis-diagnosis and ineffectual, sometimes inappropriately invasive management
- β¦