Cluster analysis on radio product integration testing faults

Abstract. Nowadays, when the different software systems keep getting larger and more complex, integration testing is necessary to ensure that the different components of the system work together correctly. With the large and complex systems the analysis of the test faults can be difficult, as there are so many components that can cause the failure. Also with the increased usage of automated tests, the faults can often be caused by test environment or test automation issues. Testing data and logs collected during the test executions are usually the main source of information that are used for test fault analysis. With the usage of text mining, natural language processing and machine learning methods, the fault analysis process is possible to be automated using the data and logs collected from the tests, as multiple studies have shown in the recent years. In this thesis, an exploratory data study is done on data collected from radio product integration tests done at Nokia. Cluster analysis is used to find the different fault types that can be found from each of the collected file types. Different feature extraction methods are used and evaluated in terms of how well they separate the data for fault analysis. The study done on this thesis paves the way for automated fault analysis in the future. The introduced methods can be applied for classifying the faults and the results and findings can be used to determine what are the next steps that can be taken to enable future implementations for automated fault analysis applications.Radiotuotteiden integraatiotestauksen vikojen klusterianalyysi. Tiivistelmä. Nykypäivänä, kun erilaiset ohjelmistojärjestelmät jatkavat kasvamista ja muuttuvat monimutkaisimmaksi, integraatiotestaus on välttämätöntä, jotta voidaan varmistua siitä, että järjestelmän eri komponentit toimivat yhdessä oikein. Suurien ja monimutkaisten järjestelmien testivikojen analysointi voi olla vaikeaa, koska järjestelmissä on mukana niin monta komponenttia, jotka voivat aiheuttaa testien epäonnistumisen. Testien automatisoinnin lisääntymisen myötä testit voivat usein epäonnistua myös johtuen testiympäristön tai testiautomaation ongelmista. Testien aikana kerätty testidata ja testilogit ovat yleensä tärkein tiedonlähde testivikojen analyysissä. Hyödyntämällä tekstinlouhinnan, luonnollisen kielen käsittelyn sekä koneoppimisen menetelmiä, testivikojen analyysiprosessi on mahdollista automatisoida käyttämällä testien aikana kerättyä testidataa ja testilogeja, kuten monet tutkimukset ovat viime vuosina osoittaneet. Tässä tutkielmassa tehdään eksploratiivinen tutkimus Nokian radiotuotteiden integraatiotesteistä kerätyllä datalla. Erilaiset vikatyypit, jotka voidaan löytää kustakin kerätystä tiedostotyypistä, löydetään käyttämällä klusterianalyysiä. Ominaisuusvektorien laskentaan käytetään eri menetelmiä ja näiden menetelmien kykyä erotella dataa vika-analyysin näkökulmasta arvioidaan. Tutkielmassa tehty tutkimus avaa tietä vika-analyysien automatisoinnille tulevaisuudessa. Esitettyjä menetelmiä voidaan käyttää vikojen luokittelussa ja tuloksien perusteella voidaan määritellä, mitkä ovat seuraavia askelia, jotta vika-analyysiprosessia voidaan automatisoida tulevaisuudessa

Estimating the impact of Brexit on the United Kingdom’s import demand of bovine meat

Abstract. On 23rd of June 2016 the United Kingdom (UK) held The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum on the question whether the country should remain in the European Union (EU). The result was that the UK decided to exit from the European Union. This event was coined as Brexit. The primary objective of this Thesis is to estimate the impact of Brexit on the United Kingdom’s import demand for bovine meat. In order to estimate the impact an econometric time series model is used to capture the unit price and income elasticities of import demand. The specific model used is Autoregressive Distibuted Lag Error Correction Model (ARDL-ECM). The results of the model are used to analyse possible impacts of different Brexit scenarios. The time series is based on annual data from 1993 until 2018. The data was collected from EUROSTAT, UN COMTRADE and UK government sources. The results of the model were used to analyse possible impacts of Brexit. The results show that bovine meat imports from the EU are quite inelastic. The results from the thesis can be used to indicate possible magnitude of the changes due to Brexit. In order to capture better estimates for the impact of Brexit the elasticities gained from the Thesis could be utilized in a general- or partial equilibrium models

Kohti ympäristövastuullisuutta:eväitä ekokäyttäytymistä edistävään arkkitehtuurisuunnittelun

Tiivistelmä. Diplomityöni Kohti ympäristövastuullisuutta — Eväitä ekokäyttäytymistä edistävään arkkitehtuurisuunnitteluun on tutkielma, jossa pohdin kuinka arkkitehtuurisuunnittelulla voidaan vaikuttaa ihmisten käyttäytymisen ympäristövastuullisuuteen. Maapallon ekologisen kestävyyden takaaminen on monialainen haaste, ja ihmisten elämäntapojen vaikutus ekologiseen kriisiin on merkittävä. Rakennetun ympäristön suunnittelussa ympäristökuormitusten pienentämistä tavoitellaan usein teknisillä ratkaisuilla ja rakennusmateriaalien vähäpäästöisyydellä, mutta kestävän tulevaisuuden saavuttamiseksi myös ihmisten käyttäytymisen muutos on olennaista. Tutkielmassani asetan ympäristökäyttäytymisen tarkastelun ja ohjaamisen suunnitteluhaasteeksi ja kysyn: kuinka arkkitehtuurilla voidaan ohjata ja edistää ekokäyttäytymistä? Ekokäyttäytyminen (pro-environmental behavior) on käyttäytymistä, joka vahingoittaa ympäristöä mahdollisimman vähän tai on jopa hyödyksi sille. Ekokäyttäytymiseen ohjataan usein ympäristötietoa lisäämällä ja asennekasvatuksella, mutta ympäristönsuunnittelussa käyttäytymisen muutosta ei aina tavoitella yhtä määrätietoisesti. Elinympäristöt vaikuttavat ihmisten käyttäytymiseen merkittävästi, joten arkkitehtuurilla on suuri potentiaali ekokäyttäytymisen edistäjänä. Tutkielmassani pohdin yksilön käyttäytymisen ja elämäntapojen merkitystä ympäristöongelmien synnyssä ja ratkaisussa sekä arkkitehtuurin roolia ekologisesti kestävän tulevaisuuden rakentamisessa. Tutustun ekokäyttäytymisen muodostaviin tekijöihin sekä ihmisen ja ympäristön väliseen vuorovaikutussuhteeseen, joiden pohjalta muodostan teoreettista pohjaa ekokäyttäytymistä edistävän ympäristön suunnittelun lähtökohdiksi. Tarkastelen arkkitehtuurisuunnittelun mahdollisuuksia käyttäytymismuutosten aikaansaamisessa tarjoumateoriaa ja käyttäytymistaloustieteistä tunnetun nudgauksen keinoja hyödyntäen. Lopuksi esittelen sovelletun ajatusmallin ekokäyttäytymistä edistävän ympäristön suunnitteluprosessin lähtökohdaksi. Tutkielman tavoitteena on johdatella arkkitehtuurin mahdollisuuksien oivaltamiseen ympäristökäyttäytymisemme ohjaajana, tarjota eväitä ekokäyttäytymistä edistävän ympäristön arkkitehtuurisuunnitteluun sekä ennen kaikkea laajentaa omaa ymmärrystäni ekologisesti kestävän ympäristön suunnittelijana.Towards ecological responsibility : promoting pro-environmental behavior by architectural planning. Abstract. In this diploma thesis I reflect on how architectural planning can influence the environmental responsibility of human behavior. Ensuring the ecological sustainability of our planet is a complex challenge and human behavior is a major cause of environmental problems. When designing built environment, reducing the environmental load is often pursued by technical solutions and low-emitting building materials. However, to achieve an ecologically sustainable future, also behavior change is necessary. In this study I set the change of environmental behavior as a design challenge and ask: How can design / architectural planning be used to guide and promote pro-environmental behavior? Pro-environmental behavior refers to behavior that harms the environment as little as possible, or even benefits the environment. Increasing environmental awareness and promoting ecological attitudes are often used to guide people’s environmental behavior, but the efforts to shape everyday environments to promote sustainable lifestyles and pro-environmental behavior are not always as determined. In this study I reflect the impact and importance of people’s behavior on environmental problems and the role of architecture in building an ecologically sustainable future. Understanding the determinants of pro-environmental behavior and the interaction between people and the environment are important aspects in this study, which have been examined through aspects of environmental psychology. At the end of this thesis I present an example path for the planning process of pro-environmental behavior supporting environments, in which themes examined in this study are adapted. The aim of this thesis is to awaken to comprehend the potential of architecture as a guide of people’s environmental behavior, and broaden my understanding as a designer of ecologically sustainable environments

Thermal expansion in small metal clusters and its impact on the electric polarizability

The thermal expansion coefficients of $\mathrm{Na}_{N}$ clusters with $8 \le N \le 40$ and $\mathrm{Al}_{7}$, $\mathrm{Al}_{13}^-$ and $\mathrm{Al}_{14}^-$ are obtained from {\it ab initio} Born-Oppenheimer LDA molecular dynamics. Thermal expansion of small metal clusters is considerably larger than that in the bulk and size-dependent. We demonstrate that the average static electric dipole polarizability of Na clusters depends linearly on the mean interatomic distance and only to a minor extent on the detailed ionic configuration when the overall shape of the electron density is enforced by electronic shell effects. The polarizability is thus a sensitive indicator for thermal expansion. We show that taking this effect into account brings theoretical and experimental polarizabilities into quantitative agreement.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, one table. Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters. References 10 and 23 update

Elasmobranch qPCR reference genes: a case study of hypoxia preconditioned epaulette sharks

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Elasmobranch fishes are an ancient group of vertebrates which have high potential as model species for research into evolutionary physiology and genomics. However, no comparative studies have established suitable reference genes for quantitative PCR (qPCR) in elasmobranchs for any physiological conditions. Oxygen availability has been a major force shaping the physiological evolution of vertebrates, especially fishes. Here we examined the suitability of 9 reference candidates from various functional categories after a single hypoxic insult or after hypoxia preconditioning in epaulette shark (<it>Hemiscyllium ocellatum</it>).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Epaulette sharks were caught and exposed to hypoxia. Tissues were collected from 10 controls, 10 individuals with single hypoxic insult and 10 individuals with hypoxia preconditioning (8 hypoxic insults, 12 hours apart). We produced sequence information for reference gene candidates and monitored mRNA expression levels in four tissues: cerebellum, heart, gill and eye. The stability of the genes was examined with analysis of variance, geNorm and NormFinder. The best ranking genes in our study were <it>eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta </it>(<it>eef1b</it>), <it>ubiquitin </it>(<it>ubq</it>) and <it>polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide F </it>(<it>polr2f</it>). The performance of the <it>ribosomal protein L6 </it>(<it>rpl6</it>) was tissue-dependent. Notably, in one tissue the analysis of variance indicated statistically significant differences between treatments for genes that were ranked as the most stable candidates by reference gene software.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results indicate that <it>eef1b </it>and <it>ubq </it>are generally the most suitable reference genes for the conditions and tissues in the present epaulette shark studies. These genes could also be potential reference gene candidates for other physiological studies examining stress in elasmobranchs. The results emphasise the importance of inter-group variation in reference gene evaluation.</p

Tri-axial Octupole Deformations and Shell Structure

Manifestations of pronounced shell effects are discovered when adding nonaxial octupole deformations to a harmonic oscillator model. The degeneracies of the quantum spectra are in a good agreement with the corresponding main periodic orbits and winding number ratios which are found by classical analysis.Comment: 10 pages, Latex, 4 postscript figures, to appear in JETP Letter

Determinants of distribution and prevalence of avian malaria in blue tit populations across Europe : separating host and parasite effects

Although avian malarial parasites are globally distributed, the factors that affect the geographical distribution and local prevalence of different parasite lineages across host populations or species are still poorly understood. Based on the intense screening of avian malarial parasites in nine European blue tit populations, we studied whether distribution ranges as well as local adaptation, host specialization and phylogenetic relationships can determine the observed prevalences within populations. We found that prevalence differed consistently between parasite lineages and host populations, indicating that the transmission success of parasites is lineage specific but is partly shaped by locality-specific effects. We also found that the lineage-specific estimate of prevalence was related to the distribution range of parasites: lineages found in more host populations were generally more prevalent within these populations. Additionally, parasites with high prevalence that were also widely distributed among blue tit populations were also found to infect more host species. These findings suggest that parasites reaching high local prevalence can also realize wide distribution at a global scale that can have further consequences for host specialization. Although phylogenetic relationships among parasites did not predict prevalence, we detected a close match between a tree based on the geographic distance of the host populations and the parasite phylogenetic tree, implying that neighbouring host populations shared a related parasite fauna

From feces to data : A metabarcoding method for analyzing consumed and available prey in a bird-insect food web

Diets play a key role in understanding trophic interactions. Knowing the actual structure of food webs contributes greatly to our understanding of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The research of prey preferences of different predators requires knowledge not only of the prey consumed, but also of what is available. In this study, we applied DNA metabarcoding to analyze the diet of 4 bird species (willow tits Poecile montanus, Siberian tits Poecile cinctus, great tits Parus major and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus) by using the feces of nestlings. The availability of their assumed prey (Lepidoptera) was determined from feces of larvae (frass) collected from the main foraging habitat, birch (Betula spp.) canopy. We identified 53 prey species from the nestling feces, of which 11 (21%) were also detected from the frass samples (eight lepidopterans). Approximately 80% of identified prey species in the nestling feces represented lepidopterans, which is in line with the earlier studies on the parids' diet. A subsequent laboratory experiment showed a threshold for fecal sample size and the barcoding success, suggesting that the smallest frass samples do not contain enough larval DNA to be detected by high-throughput sequencing. To summarize, we apply metabarcoding for the first time in a combined approach to identify available prey (through frass) and consumed prey (via nestling feces), expanding the scope and precision for future dietary studies on insectivorous birds.Peer reviewe