Relationship between the isometric force of the dominant hand and the Body Mass Index of university students

INTRODUCTION: Strength is the neuromuscular capacity to overcome or counter resistances through muscular activity and is closely linked to all the motor actions that the human being develops, and to his body mass index. OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of correlation between body mass index (BMI) and the isometric strength of the dominant hand of university students. METHOD: The strength was evaluated with a TAKEI SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT 5401 dynamometer to 70 university students using a random sampling method using a descriptive transactional design. We obtained data that were processed with a bivariate correlation obtaining the Pearson coefficient. We used SPSS ver. 15. RESULTS: The studied age was 23 ± 1.9 years, with a length of 165.6 cm. ± 7.72 for women and 173.7 cm. ± 7.95 men, as well as a weight in women of 64.1 ± 14.82 kg and men 82.3 ± 14.72 kg, which results in a BMI for women of 25.01 ± 4.405 m2/kg and 25.06 with ± 4.398 m2/kg for men. On the other hand, the female isometry strength was 3.08. ± 0.613 Kg and for men was 3.68 ± 0.839 Kg. In females, there was not correlation between the BMI and isometric strength (Sig = .192). Contrary, in males, there was a significant and negative correlation grade between the BMI and isometric strength (r = -0,452; Sig. = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was observed that as BMI increases, strength does not grow. Therefore, other variables should be evaluated to understand what is related to the overweight or obesity of students

The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study

Background and Aims Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades

Ecología y estructura poblacional del endemismo cubano Tetramicra malpighiarum (Orchidaceae), en el Parque Nacional Desembarco del Granma, Cuba

In Cuba, there are 315 species of Orchidaceae family, approximately 32 % of these species are endemic. During 2012 and 2013 an endemic population of Tetramicra malpighiarum (Orchidaceae) was studied at the Desembarco del Granma National Park, Cuba. We determined the abundance of this species, life classes (immature and adult), phorophytes inhabited, vertical distribution (trunk, branches or twigs), solitary or aggregated growing, and its cardinal orientation on phorophytes. We found 254 individuals of T. malpighiarum distributed in 20 phorophytes. For the first time, were found individuals of T. malpighiarum grew on other five species of phorophytes, besides of Malpighia incana (Malpighiaceae) and Erythroxylum havanense (Erythroxylaceae). Of the total of individuals recorded, 69.3 % were adult and 93.7 % were growing on the twigs. The number of solitary individual and aggregated individuals was similar. The population shows a slight tendency to grow toward south and northwest orientations. This is the first study to describe the population ecology of T. malpighiarum, but it is recommended to conduct long-term genetic and demographic studies. These future studies should be explored the reproductive system (e.g., level of endogamy) and population genetic of this species endemic of Cuba in order to evaluate its permanency in the future. En Cuba se reconocen aproximadamente 315 especies para la familia Orchidaceae, de las cuales son endémicas alrededor de 32 %. Durante 2012 y 2013, se estudió una población del endemismo cubano Tetramicra malpighiarum (Orchidaceae), en el Parque Nacional Desembarco del Granma, Cuba. Se estudió la abundancia de la especie, clases de vida de los individuos (inmaduros y adultos), forófitos sobre los que crecían, micrositios que ocupaban en los mismos (tronco, ramas o ramillas), si los individuos estaban solitarios o agregados y orientación cardinal que tenían sobre los forófitos. Se encontraron 254 individuos de T. malpighiarum, distribuidos en 20 forófitos. Por primera vez se localizaron individuos de T. malpighiarum ocupando otras cinco especies de forófitos, además de Malpighia incana (Malpighiaceae) y Erythroxylum havanense (Erythroxylaceae). Fueron adultos 69.3 % de los individuos y en las ramillas crecía 93.7 % de la población. Es similar el número de individuos de T. malpighiarum creciendo agregados y creciendo solitarios. La población muestra una pequeña tendencia a crecer preferentemente con orientaciones sur y noroeste. Este trabajo es una primera aproximación a la ecología poblacional de T. malpighiarum, pero es fundamental realizar estudios genéticos y demográficos a largo plazo, que permitan monitorear el comportamiento poblacional y reproductivo de este endémico cubano, y averiguar los niveles de endogamia y variabilidad genética de los individuos, para conocer su posible comportamiento y permanencia en el futuro

Análisis crítico de la realidad en salud desde la ejecución de las funciones esenciales de la salud pública en México

The objective was to analyze the reality in health from the functions of public health in our country. For this, the analysis was based on information detected in the internet network from articles that express the essential functions of public health and from a video where values-attributes are denoted; Honesty, Knowledge, Passion and social Sensitivity that are necessary to change the course from the decision making, the detected information allows to establish areas of opportunity to increase the quality of care in the population health of Mexicans.El objetivo se centró en analizar la realidad en salud desde las funciones de la salud pública en nuestro país. Para lo cual se fundamentó el análisis en información detectada en la red de internet a partir de artículos donde se expresan las funciones esenciales de la salud pública y a partir de un video donde se denotan valores-atributos; Honestidad, Conocimiento, Pasión y Sensibilidad social, que resultan necesarios para cambiar el rumbo desde la toma de decisiones, la información detectada permite establecer áreas de oportunidad para incrementar la calidad de la atención en la salud poblacional de los mexicanos

The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study.

Background and aimsLarge clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions.MethodsThe database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated.Key resultsMost Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented.ConclusionsWithin Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades