Aceite de semilla de maracuyá: extracción y posterior reacción de transesterificación

This work aims to remove the oil from passion fruit seeds using ethanol as solvent and then to carry out the transesterification of the product from the extraction step (oil + ethanol). The effects of operational variables in the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were evaluated and traditional extraction was performed for comparison. The extraction product was directed to the reaction step using an enzymatic catalyst. UAE provided oil yield from 12.32 to 21.76%, and the maximum value (73.7% of the traditional extraction yield) was obtained at 60 °C and 50 min using a solvent-to-seed ratio of 4. Oil removal was favored by increases in the investigated variables. g-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified in the oils. The oil obtained by UAE presented higher phytosterol contents. From the reaction step, samples were obtained with higher concentrations of ethyl esters, in addition to emulsifiers (diglycerides and monoglycerides).Este trabajo tiene como objetivo la extracción del aceite de la semilla de maracuyá utilizando etanol como disolvente y posteriormente llevar a cabo la transesterificación del producto obtenido (aceite + etanol). Se evaluaron los efectos de las variables operativas en la extracción asistida por ultrasonido (EAU) y se realizó la extracción clásica a efectos comparativos. El producto de extracción se dirigió a la etapa de reacción usando catalizador enzimático. EAU proporcionó un rendimiento de aceite de 12,32 a 21,76%, y el valor máximo (73,7% del rendimiento de extracción clásico) se obtuvo a 60 °C durante 50 min usando una relación de solvente a semilla de 4. La extracción de aceite se favorece con el aumento de las variables investigadas. Se identificaron en los aceites g- y δ-tocoferol y una alta concentración de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados. El aceite obtenido por los EAU presentó un mayor contenido de fitosteroles. De la etapa de reacción, se obtuvieron muestras con concentraciones más altas de ésteres etílicos, además de emulsionantes (diglicéridos y monoglicéridos)

INTERESTERIFICAÇÃO DO ÓLEO DE CRAMBE COM ADIÇÃO DE SOLUÇÃO AQUOSA DE ÁCIDO ACÉTICO AO MEIO REACIONAL

A interesterificação permite a obtenção de ésteres livre de glicerol, com a produção da triacetina, que pode ainda ser utilizada como aditivo ao biocombustível. A fim de potencializar a produção de ésteres e triacetina a inserção de aditivos a reação tem sido abordada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de adicionar solução aquosa de ácido acético 26% (SA26%) em 5 e 10% (em relação a massa de óleo) sobre o rendimento em ésteres e teor de triacetina, bem como verificar seu efeito sobre os ésteres individuais, variando a temperatura da reação de 300 a 325 °C e tempo de residência entre 10 a 30 minutos. Para a maioria das reações conduzidas com SA(26%) a 300 °C houve maior produção de ésteres, se comparadas as reações sem o aditivo (p<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que as reações conduzidas com SA26% permitiram elevar os rendimentos de ésteres em até 45%. Foi possível constatar ainda conversão completa dos triglicerídeos em ésteres com apenas 20 min de reação, com 10% de SA(26%)  300 °C. O aumento da temperatura resultou em maior rendimento inicial (10 min), contudo foi observada redução dos ésteres individuais analisados, sendo que, dentre estes o linoleato se mostrou mais susceptível a decomposição térmica. AbstractThe interesterification allows the production of esters free of glycerol, with the production of triacetin, which can still be used as an additive to biofuel. In order to potentiate the esters and triacetin production the insertion of additives into the reaction has been approached. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding aqueous solution of acetic acid 26% (SA26%) in 5 and 10% (relative to oil mass) on the ester yield and triacetin content, as well as to verify its effect on obtaining the individual esters, varying the reaction temperature from 300 to 325 °C and residence time between 10 to 30 minutes. For the majority of the reactions conducted with SA26% at 300 °C there was higher ester production, when compared with the reactions without the additive (p<0.05). The results showed that the reactions conducted with SA26% allowed to raise ester yields by up to 45%. It was also possible to verify complete conversion of the triglycerides to esters with only 20 min of reaction, with 10% of SA26% at 300 °C. The increase in temperature resulted in a higher initial yield (10 min), however, a reduction of the individual esters analyzed was observed, with linoleate being more susceptible to thermal decomposition

Multimodal Anaesthesia in a Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) Undergoing Hemilaminectomy and Sacrococcygeal Stabilization

Background:  Several researches have shown the impacts of roads more directly to wildlife in Brazil. The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a frequent run over victim. Dissociative drugs are commonly used, but inhalation anesthesia is indicated in cases of extensive and prolonged surgeries. Despite their similarity with domestic dogs, the literature is scarce regarding the association of new anesthetic techniques and protocols in wild canids. The aim of this paper was to report the viability of multimodal anesthesia in a crab-eating fox, victim of running over, undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization.Case: An adult male specimen of crab-eating fox was rescued after being run over and taken to a wild animal screening center. Physical examination showed superficial and deep pain, lack of support for the pelvic limbs and proprioception, increased reflexes, and reduced tail mobility. Chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine-zolazepam (6.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was performed. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IM) and enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg IM) were also administered. The animal was sequentially admitted to the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images showed compaction of the spinal column of the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae and the sacrococcygeal region. Sixty min after chemical restraint, the anesthesia was supplemented with IM tiletamine-zolazepam (4.5 mg/kg), and fluid therapy with 0.9% NaCl (10 mL/kg/h) was started. Ten min later, intravenous propofol dose-effect (2.5 mg/kg) was administered and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (FiO2 = 1.0). Thirty min after the induction of anesthesia, the animal was urdergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization. Constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) were started. Lidocaine (7.0 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (2.0 mg/kg) were administered into the surgical site on the T10 and T11 vertebrae at 35 and 80 min into the surgery, respectively. The isoflurane requirement was adjusted often to keep the animal in the surgical anesthetic plan. At the end of the surgery (total time, 95 min), lumbosacral epidural analgesia was performed with morphine (0.1 mg/kg). No important abnormalities were detected in heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, or body temperature during the surgical period. The time intervals between the end of anesthesia, and the following events: extubation, the first head movement, and the establishment of sternal were 18, 34 and 73 min, respectively. Recovery was considered calm and peaceful, with no signs of pain or excitement.Discussion: Considering the painful discomfort and the need for manipulation, dissociative anesthesia was initially used to move the animal to hospital care. Due to the immediate indication for surgery, it was decided to use propofol in a sufficient dose for orotracheal intubation, keeping anesthesia with isoflurane. With the expectation of severe pain during the surgical procedure, CRI of dexmedetomidine and ketamine were used, in addition to lidocaine and bupivacaine at the lesion site. Although the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane has not been recorded, the physiological parameters were kept relatively stable, ratifying the adequate plan of anesthesia compatible with the observed eye reflexes. Based on the experience with other canids, the use of epidural morphine was performed, aiming at postsurgical analgesic extension. Although a certain lack of coordination was observed, the animal’s recovery was characterized by stillness, with no signs of pain or excitement, confirming the effectiveness of the anesthetic protocol. The present report may aid in the choice of balanced anesthetic approaches in wild canids

AVALIAÇÃO DO PERFIL DO ÓLEO DA POLPA DE MACAÚBA PERANTE ENSAIOS TERMOXIDATIVOS

A polpa da macaúba (Acromia aculeata) representa 45% do fruto, e dela pode-se extrair um óleo rico em compostos ativos, como os carotenoides e flavonoides, que conferem ao óleo uma maior resistência à oxidação. Para que o óleo possa ser consumido e utilizado em diversos processos industriais é necessário conhecer o seu comportamento e estabilidade perante as condições de processamento. E com isso, o principal objetivo deste projeto é monitorar a qualidade do óleo da polpa de macaúba perante o aquecimento em condições controladas. Buscando tal propósito, o óleo foi obtido e caracterizado, analisando o teor de β-caroteno, flavonoides, ácidos graxos livres, cor e a absortividade molar. Os ensaios termoxidativos foram realizados a 140, 160 e 180 °C e durante os ensaios amostras foram retiradas aos 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 e 140 min de aquecimento e a caracterização dos óleos foi realizada. Os tratamentos termoxidativos provocaram degradação dos compostos ativos, já que houve uma redução nos teores de flavonoides e β-caroteno de aproximadamente 72% e 88%, respectivamente. Entretanto, pequenas variações foram determinadas para os teores de ácidos graxos livres (AGL). A absortividade molar dos óleos aumentou com a temperatura e tempo de exposição em até 1361% e 184% para os comprimentos de onda de 232 nm e 270 nm, respectivamente, o que indica a formação de compostos de degradação primários e secundários. As análises de cor dos óleos mostraram que houve perda de coloração após os testes termoxidativos, que pode ser resultado da degradação de β-caroteno. Os resultados obtidos para o efeito do tratamento térmico e do tempo podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de processos industriais destinados a preservação da qualidade do produto. AbstractThe pulp of the macaúba (Acromia aculeata) represents 45% of the fruit, from which it is possible to extract an oil rich in active compounds, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, which give the oil a higher resistance to oxidation. In order for the oil to be consumed and used in various industrial processes, it is necessary to know its behavior and stability in relation to the processing conditions. And with that, the main objective of this project is to monitor the oil quality of the macaúba pulp before heating under controlled conditions. For this purpose, the oil was obtained and characterized, analyzing the content of β-carotene, flavonoids, free fatty acids, color and the molar absorptivity. The thermoxidative tests were performed at 140, 160 and 180 ºC and during the tests samples were remove at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 140 minutes of heating and the characterization of the oils was performed. The thermoxidative treatments caused degradation of the active compounds, since there was a reduction in the flavonoid and β-carotene contents of approximately 72% and 88%, respectively. However, small variations were determined for free fatty acids (FFA). The molar absorptivity of the oils increased with the temperature and exposure time by up to 1361% and 184% for the wavelengths of 232 nm and 270 nm, respectively, indicating the formation of primary and secondary degradation compounds. The color analysis of the oils showed that there was loss of coloration after the thermoxidative tests, which may be the result of the degradation of β-carotene. The results obtained for the effect of the heat treatment and time can contribute to the development of industrial processes destined to the preservation of the quality of the product

Postoperative Pain Management in a Sheep Using Continuous Epidural Morphine

Background: Although ruminants experience pain like other species, diagnosis and treatment may be imprecise and challenging, especially because of lack of recognition and restraint of therapeutic resources. In addition to the restrictions inherent in the species, organic dysfunctions may further restrict the analgesic arsenal, making it necessary to find viable and effective alternative for pain control. The continuous administration of opioids in the epidural space has been highlightedas an analgesic resource in several species. However, until this moment, there are few information on this practice in ruminants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the use of continuous epidural infusion of morphine in a sheep undergoing to urethrostomy with a history of chronic pain and urolithiasis.Case: A 3-year-old Santa Ines sheep, weighting 110 kg, was presented to the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Bahia with history of recurrent urolithiasis, lameness, severe pain and continuous use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The findings of the physical examination, imaging and laboratory tests revealed possible abomasum inflammation, chronic laminitis, left humerus-radioulnar osteoarthritis and urethral urolithiasis with uremia. A clinical stabilization of the animal was performed, including an interruption of the use of the NSAID and the administration of fluid, urinary acidifier (ammonium chloride), histamine H2 receptor antagonist (ranitidine), cytoprotectant (sucralfate), antibiotic (norfloxacin) and dipyrone. After 3 days, urethrostomy was performed followed by the implantation of an epidural catheter (19G) in the lumbosacral space (L7 - S1) by means of a Tuohy needle (18G), after the surgical procedure. Administration of morphine (0.1 mg kg-1) through the catheter at 24-h intervals, associated with dipyrone (25 mg kg-1) intravenously (IV), every 8 h, over a 5-day period, was the postoperative analgesic protocol chosen. The data of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f),rectal temperature (T °C), ruminal movements (RM) and possible behavior related to pain were registered at intervals of four-hours until the fifth day after surgery. After 24 h postoperative, stability of the variables (HR, f, T °C) with increased RM concomitant to the interest for food was verified. On the fifth postoperative day, the animal was hydrated, visibly comfortable and with normal levels of serum creatinine.Discussion: Considering the initial clinical status involving renal insufficiency and significant gastric abnormalities, the use of NSAIDs was immediately disregarded. However, the need to relieved musculoskeletal and postoperative pain, has raised interest in the use of morphine, whose literature refers duration of up to 24 h in other species, with reduced adverse effects compared to systemic administration, due to the considerably lower dose. Dipyrone was incorporated into the protocol forproviding visceral analgesia and minimal effects on the organic functions. During the 5-days of evaluation, the signs of well-being presented by the animal associated to the stability of vital parameters, feeding and satisfactory ruminal activity attested to the viability of the protocol tested. It was concluded that the use of morphine, through the continuous epiduralroute, contributed to the relief of postoperative pain, reestablishment of the organic functions and patient welfare, being suitable as an analgesic alternative to NSAID use in sheep.Keywords: ovine, analgesia, opioid, epidural

Avaliação da dexmedetomidina e do tramadol, associados ao midazolam, em gatas anestesiadas com isoflurano e submetidas à ovário-histerectomia

RESUMO Objetivou-se comparar as alterações cardiorrespiratórias e a analgesia pós-operatória promovidas pela dexmedetomidina e pelo tramadol, quando associados ao midazolam, em felinas. Para tal, foram selecionadas 18 gatas hígidas, divididas em dois grupos randomizados: GDM, tratadas com dexmedetomidina (10µg/kg) e GTM, tratadas com tramadol (2mg/kg), ambos associados a midazolam (0,2mg/kg,) IM. Após 15 minutos, procedeu-se à indução anestésica com propofol (1,46±0,79mL), mantendo-se a anestesia com isoflurano. As felinas foram submetidas à ovário-histerectomia, registrando-se as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias 15 minutos após a MPA (M0), 15 minutos após a indução (M15) e sequencialmente a cada cinco minutos, até o término do procedimento cirúrgico (M20, M25, M30, M35 e M40). A avaliação da dor iniciou-se 30 minutos após o término do procedimento cirúrgico (MP30) e sequencialmente em intervalos de 30 minutos (MP60, MP90, MP120). A partir do MP120, as avaliações foram registradas a cada hora (MP180, MP240 e MP360). A associação dexmedetomidina-midazolam infere diminuição inicial de frequência cardíaca (FC) sem significado clínico e está relacionada à sedação mais pronunciada, à analgesia menor e menos duradoura e a episódios de êmese, quando comparada à associação tramadol-midazolam. Ambos os protocolos denotaram estabilidade cardiorrespiratória e podem ser considerados seguros em felinas submetidas à ovário-histectomia