Research of Youth Preferences in the Forms of Carrying Out Leisure

The article presents the results of sociological research of the dynamics of the positions of youth during 2012- 2014 on the preferences given to it by various forms of carrying out leisure

Social Health and Life Plans of Modern Youth

The article presents the results of sociological research of the dynamics of the positions of youth for the period 2012-14 on a number of significant issues such as the degree of satisfaction with various aspects of life, assessment of social opportunities in the realization of its interests, its views on the prospects for study, work, profession and place of residence, as well as assessment of local authorities and their help in solving youth problems

Family Relationships in the Value Space of Today’s Youth

Results of sociological research of the dynamics of the positions of youth for the period 2012-14 on issues of attitudes to marriage and family life, the conditions of stability and the reasons for the collapse of a young family are given in the article

Social Health and Life Plans of Modern Youth

The article presents the results of sociological research of the dynamics of the positions of youth for the period 2012-2014. on a number of significant issues such as the degree of satisfaction with various aspects of life, assessment of social opportunities in the realization of its interests, its views on the prospects for study, work, profession and place of residence, as well as assessment of local authorities and their help in solving youth problems

Geochemistry, faunal composition and trophic structure in reducing sediments on the southwest South Georgia margin

Despite a number of studies in areas of focused methane seepage, the extent of transitional sediments of more diffuse methane seepage, and their influence upon biological communities is poorly understood. We investigated an area of reducing sediments with elevated levels of methane on the South Georgia margin around 250 m depth and report data from a series of geochemical and biological analyses. Here, the geochemical signatures were consistent with weak methane seepage and the role of sub-surface methane consumption was clearly very important, preventing gas emissions into bottom waters. As a result, the contribution of methane-derived carbon to the microbial and metazoan food webs was very limited, although sulfur isotopic signatures indicated a wider range of dietary contributions than was apparent from carbon isotope ratios. Macrofaunal assemblages had high dominance and were indicative of reducing sediments, with many taxa common to other similar environments and no seep-endemic fauna, indicating transitional assemblages. Also similar to other cold seep areas, there were samples of authigenic carbonate, but rather than occurring as pavements or sedimentary concretions, these carbonates were restricted to patches on the shells of Axinulus antarcticus (Bivalvia, Thyasiridae), which is suggestive of microbe–metazoan interactions

Using of X-pinch as a source in X-ray radiography studying of initial stage of wire explosion

A wire explosion in a gaseous and condensed media extends possibilities of study of phase transitions of the wire material. We studied the influence of the external media (air, water and oil) on the explosion of Cu, Ni and W wires of diameter 10…50 µm. Wires were exploded by the current pulse with the rise time from 200 to 300 ns and the amplitude up to 10 kA. The pulse was produced by a generator based on a low-inductance capacitor, the discharge voltage being 20 kV. Experimental results are discussed on obtaining the wire explosion images in gaseous and liquid media with the help of hard X-ray radiation of an X-pinch in the BIN facility. Exploded wires were placed outside the BIN vacuum chamber and images were registered on the film without magnification. Spatial resolution was limited by film grain structure, and reached 20…30 µm. Spectral range of the imaging radiation (15… 30 keV) was determined by vacuum chamber window material, film sensitivity and thickness of the media where wire was exploded. Temporal resolution was about 10…20 ns and depended on X-pinch wire material and thickness.Исследование взрыва проволочек в газообразной и конденсированной среде позволяет получать информацию о фазовых переходах в материале проволочки. Мы исследовали влияние внешней среды (воздух, вода, масло) на взрыв проволочек диаметром 30…50 мкм из Cu, Ni и W. Взрыв проволочек осуществлялся импульсом тока с фронтом 200…300 нс и амплитудой до 10 кА, формируемым в накопителе на основе низкоиндуктивного конденсатора, заряжаемого до напряжения 20 кВ. Изображения проволочек в газообразной и жидкой средах регистрировались на пленке без увеличения по жесткому рентгеновскому излучению, генерируемому в X-пинче установки БИН. Пространственное разрешение изображений ограничивалось структурой пленки и составляло 20…30 мкм. Спектральный состав излучения (15…30 кэВ) зависел от параметров выводного окна, чувствительности пленки и толщины среды, внутри которой находилась проволочка. Временное разрешение составляло 10…20 нс и зависело от материала и толщины излучающей нагрузки X-пинча. Работа выполнена при частичной поддержке РФФИ по грантам 05-02-17533, 04-02-17292, МНТЦ по проекту 2151 и субконтракту с Корнельским университетом США по проекту DE-PC03-2NA 0057.Дослідження вибуху дротиків у газоподібному й конденсованому середовищі дозволяє одержувати інформацію про фазові переходи в матеріалі дротика. Ми досліджували вплив зовнішнього середовища (повітря, вода, масло) на вибух дротиків діаметром 30...50 мкм із Cu, Nі і W. Вибух дротиків здійснювався імпульсом струму із фронтом 200...300 нс і амплітудою до 10 кА, сформованим у накопичувачі на основі низькоіндуктивного конденсатора, що заряджається до напруги 20 кВ. Зображення дротиків у газоподібному і рідкому середовищах реєструвалися на плівці без збільшення по твердому рентгенівському випромінюванню, генеруємому в X-пінче установки БІН. Просторове розділення зображень обмежувалось структурою плівки і становило 20...30 мкм. Спектральний склад випромінювання (15...30 кеВ) залежав від параметрів вивідного вікна, чутливості плівки і товщини середовища, усередині якого перебував дротик. Часове розділення становило 10...20 нс і залежало від матеріалу і товщини випромінюючого навантаження X-пінча. Робота виконана при частковій підтримці РФФІ по грантах 05-02-17533, 04-02-17292, МНТЦ по проекту 2151 і субконтракту з Корнельським університетом США по проекту DE-PC03-2NA 0057

Epidermal growth factor targeting of bacteriophage to the choroid plexus for gene delivery to the central nervous system via cerebrospinal fluid

Because the choroid plexus normally controls the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid and, as such, its many functions of the central nervous system, we investigated whether ligand-mediated targeting could deliver genes to its secretory epithelium. We show here that when bacteriophages are targeted with epidermal growth factor, they acquire the ability to enter choroid epithelial cells grown in vitro as cell cultures, ex vivo as tissue explants or in vivo by intracerebroventricular injection. The binding and internalization of these particles activate EGF receptors on targeted cells, and the dose- and time-dependent internalization of particles is inhibited by the presence of excess ligand. When the phage genome is further reengineered to contain like green fluorescent protein or firefly luciferase under control of the cytomegalovirus promoter, gene expression is detectable in the choroid plexus and ependymal epithelium by immunohistochemistry or by noninvasive imaging, respectively. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that reengineered ligand-mediated gene delivery should be considered a viable strategy to increase the specificity of gene delivery to the central nervous system and bypass the blood-brain barrier so as to exploit the biological effectiveness of the choroid plexus as a portal of entry into the brain

Benthic Nitrogen Cycling Traversing the Peruvian Oxygen Minimum Zone

Benthic nitrogen (N) cycling was investigated at six stations along a transect traversing the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) at 11 °S. An extensive dataset including porewater concentration profiles and in situ benthic fluxes of nitrate (NO3–), nitrite (NO2–) and ammonium (NH4+) was used to constrain a 1–D reaction–transport model designed to simulate and interpret the measured data at each station. Simulated rates of nitrification, denitrification, anammox and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) by filamentous large sulfur bacteria (e.g. Beggiatoa and Thioploca) were highly variable throughout the OMZ yet clear trends were discernible. On the shelf and upper slope (80 – 260 m water depth) where extensive areas of bacterial mats were present, DNRA dominated total N turnover (less-than-or-equals, slant 2.9 mmol N m–2 d–1) and accounted for greater-or-equal, slanted 65 % of NO3– + NO2– uptake by the sediments from the bottom water. Nonetheless, these sediments did not represent a major sink for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = NO3– + NO2– + NH4+) since DNRA reduces NO3– and, potentially NO2–, to NH4+. Consequently, the shelf and upper slope sediments were recycling sites for DIN due to relatively low rates of denitrification and high rates of ammonium release from DNRA and ammonification of organic matter. This finding contrasts with the current opinion that sediments underlying OMZs are a strong sink for DIN. Only at greater water depths (300 – 1000 m) did the sediments become a net sink for DIN. Here, denitrification was the major process (less-than-or-equals, slant 2 mmol N m–2 d–1) and removed 55 – 73 % of NO3– and NO2– taken up by the sediments, with DNRA and anammox accounting for the remaining fraction. Anammox was of minor importance on the shelf and upper slope yet contributed up to 62 % to total N2 production at the 1000 m station. The results indicate that the partitioning of oxidized N (NO3–, NO2–) into DNRA or denitrification is a key factor determining the role of marine sediments as DIN sinks or recycling sites. Consequently, high measured benthic uptake rates of oxidized N within OMZs do not necessarily indicate a loss of fixed N from the marine environment

Identification of a tyrosine residue responsible for N-acetylimidazole-induced increase of activity of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3

Chemical modification in combination with site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify a tyrosine residue responsible for the increase in ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (NTPDase3) nucleotidase activity after acetylation with a tyrosine-selective reagent, N-acetylimidazole. The NTPDase3 ATPase activity is increased more than the ADPase activity by this reagent. Several fairly well conserved tyrosine residues (252, 255, and 262) that are located in or very near apyrase conserved region 4a (ACR4a) were mutated. These mutants were all active, but mutation of tyrosine 252 to either alanine or phenylalanine eliminated the activity increase observed after N-acetylimidazole treatment of the wild-type enzyme. This suggests that the acetylation of tyrosine 252 is responsible for the increased activity. Stabilization of quaternary structure has resulted in increased enzyme activities for the NTPDases. However, mutation of these three tyrosine residues did not result in global changes of tertiary or quaternary structure, as measured by Cibacron blue binding, chemical cross linking, and native gel electrophoretic analysis. Nevertheless, disruption of the oligomeric structure with the detergent Triton X-100 abolished the increase in activity induced by this reagent. In addition, mutations that abolished the N-acetylimidazole effect also attenuated the increases of enzyme activity observed after lectin and chemical cross-linking treatments, which were previously attributed to stabilization of the quaternary structure. Thus, we speculate that the acetylation of tyrosine 252 might induce a subtle conformational change in NTPDase3, resulting in the observed increase in activity