KULIT DURIAN SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PEMBUATAN BIO-OIL: SUMBER ENERGI TERBARUKAN

Pirolisis kulit durian menjadi bio-oil dilakuk-an dalam sebuah reactor tubular yang dilengkapi dengan pengontrol suhu (PID con-troller). Pengaruh ukuran partikel umpan, suhu pirolisis, laju a-hr gas inert (N2) terhadap yield bio-oil yang dihasilkan telah dipelajari dalam penelitian ini. Ukuran umpan partikel yang dipelajari adalah 8/12 mesh, 16/20 mesh, dan 25/40 mesh. Suhu pi rolisis yang digunakan adalah 400- 700 C dengan laju alir gas inert 3, 4, dan 5 Liter/menit. Prod k- bio-oil yang dihasilk-an dianalisa komposisi bahan kimianya dengan menggunakan GC/MS QP 2010 Shimadzu. Nilai kalor bio-oil yang dihasilkan dianalisa dengan menggunakan Anton Paar calorimeter dengan menggunakan metode ASTM D5868- I Ode 1. Analisa proximate kulit durian dan bio-char yang dihasilkan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode ASTM D3173-75. Sedangkan analisa TGA dilakuk-an dengan menggunakan TGA/DSC .star .system (Mettler Toledo) dengan gas N2sebagai gas carrier. Dari hasil percobaan yang dilakukan diperoleh hasil terbesar bio-oil adalah 49,8% yang diperoleh padasuhu 550 C dengan ukuran partikel 25/40 mesh. Sedangkan laju alir gas inert tidak berpengaruh pada yield bio-oil yang dihasilkan. Mat kalor total dari bio-oil yang dihasilkan adalah 26, 7 ± 3,1 MJ/kg

Kinetics Study of Cellulose Nanocrystals Modification Using Rarasaponins by Elovich Equation

The modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using rarasaponins (RSs) was carried out to enhancing the hydrophobicity of the CNCs. The RSs are a natural surfactant that has hydrophilic and hydrophobic sides. The linked RSs on the CNCs surface can be used to bond the hydrophobic drugs so that the modified CNCs can be applied as the hydrophobic drugs carrier in the medical field. The kinetics study was successfully carried out using the Elovich equation as the modeling equation. The Elovich equation fits the modification results well based on two parameters, i.e., the RSs/CNCs ratios and the times. The dispersion characteristics analysis was carried out to figure the enhancement of the hydrophobicity on the modified CNCs compared to the unmodified CNCs. According to the kinetics study and the dispersion characteristics analysis, the modification of CNCs using RSs could enhance CNCs utilization in the hydrophobic drug delivery syste

PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI LUMPUR AKTIF BASAH DALAM KONDISI SUBKRITIS

Sebuah metode baru dalam mengkonversi Lumpur aktif basah menjadi biodiesel diusulkan dalam penelitian ini. Air digunakan sebagai reagen hidrolisis untuk meningkatkan ekstraksi lipid dalam Lumpur aktif dan sebagai k-atalis untuk- konversi lipid murni menjadi biodiesel dalam kondisi subkritis. Metode ini mampu mencapai konversi 90% dari FAME dalam waktu yang wajar tanpa memerlukan katalis asam/basa. Karena air digunakan sebagai katalis, proses penghilangan air tidak- lagi diperlukan. Oleh karena itu, metode ini mengurangi biaya pengolahan secara signifikan dalam produksi biodiesel dari Iumpur akti

Konversi Lumpur Aktif Menjadi Biodiesel dengan Proses Subkritis tanpa Katalis secara Insitu

Nowadays, biodiesel has been produced commercially for partial supporting energy demmand in Indonesia. However, high price feedstock and need of catalyst appear as the problem. In this research, activated sludge which is available as large scale waste and comprises significant ammount of lipid fraction (direct adsorption of industrial waste water and microbial lipid), was converted into biodiesel using subcritical process (without catalyst). The potential of the feedstock and process in producing biodiesel were studied. The optimum condition of the production is 215oC, 65 bar, and 5:1 of methanol to lipid mass ratio and the biodiesel meets the SNI-04-7182-2006 spesification

Saponin Modified Clay For Crude Palm Oil Bleaching

Bleaching of crude palm oil (MGS) is a mandatory step for producing edible palm oil. Bleaching agent, known as bleaching earth, is used as the decolorization agent. Bleaching earth acts as adsorbent to adsorb carotenoid and other organic content in MGS. Bentonite is the common decolorization agent used in the bleaching process. Activation of bentonite is needed prior to enhanced the adsorptive ability. In this study, the bentonite was fabricated by using saponin surfactant to enlarge the surface area, and thus, improving the adsorption capacity of bentonite. The activation of bentonite was conducted by impregnating the bentonite particles with saponin solution at various mass ratio; specifically, bentonite to saponin ratios of 100: 1, 200: 1, 300: 1, 400: 1, and 500: 1 were applied. The impregnation, or activation, temperature of 40 and 50˚C was chosen. The succeed of the saponin impregnation was characterized using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. The alteration of bentonite cation exchange capacity (CEC) value before and after impregnation was evaluated. The bleaching performance of the saponin modified bentonite was assessed by determining the amount of carotenoid compound removed. Furthermore, the change in free-fatty acid value of MGS (after bleaching) was also assessed. The bleaching process was carried out by mixing the bentonite into MGS at a temperature of 90˚C for 10 minutes. The bleaching process result shows that the rarasaponin modified bentonite able to adsorp 310 mg of carotenoid per g of the adsorbent

Influence of interfering anions on Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions removal on chestnut outer shell-derived hydrochars in aqueous solution

Hydrothermal carbonization method was used to produce different hydrochars from chestnut outer shell at various temperatures while resolving the environmental issues of agricultural bio-waste. Hydrochars were adopted as adsorbents to remove heavy metal ions (copper and zinc ions) from aqueous solution. Hydrochar samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm. An increase in the hydrothermal temperature from 160 °C to 220 °C results in higher BET surface area (18.81 m2 g-1) and the porosity of the samples. The resultant hydrochar at 220 °C exhibited a more excellent adsorption performance (8.13 mg g-1 for copper nitrate) than the other two hydrochars at low hydrothermal temperature. The current study addressed the influence of interfering anions of nitrates, sulfates and chlorides on the adsorption performance. The result shows that the hydrochar possesses larger removal efficiency for heavy metal nitrates that that of chlorides and sulfates

Evaluating biochar and its modifications for the removal of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate in water

Removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from water through the use of various sorbents is often considered an economically viable way for supplementing conventional methods. Biochar has been widely studied for its potential adsorption capabilities for soluble N and P, but the performance of different types of biochars can vary widely. In this review, we summarized the adsorption capacities of biochars in removing N (NH4-N and NO3-N) and P (PO4-P) based on the reported data, and discussed the possible mechanisms and influencing factors. In general, the NH4-N adsorption capacity of unmodified biochars is relatively low, at levels of less than 20 mg/g. This adsorption is mainly via ion exchange and/or interactions with oxygen-containing functional groups on biochar surfaces. The affinity is even lower for NO3-N, because of electrostatic repulsion by negatively charged biochar surfaces. Precipitation of PO4-P by metals/metal oxides in biochar is the primary mechanism for PO4-P removal. Biochars modified by metals have a significantly higher capacity to remove NH4-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P than unmodified biochar, due to the change in surface charge and the increase in metal oxides on the biochar surface. Ambient conditions in the aqueous phase, including temperature, pH, and co-existing ions, can significantly alter the adsorption of N and P by biochars, indicating the importance of optimal processing parameters for N and P removal. However, the release of endogenous N and P from biochar to water can impede its performance, and the presence of competing ions in water poses practical challenges for the use of biochar for nutrient removal. This review demonstrates that progress is needed to improve the performance of biochars and overcome challenges before the widespread field application of biochar for N and P removal is realized