Physical properties of the litter in successional forests of interfluvial plateau and floodplain in the lower Guamá river, Eastern Amazonia

The forest ecosystems of the Amazonia biome are indispensable for climate regulation and service provision. Among them, the fluvial plains (ESFpf) stand out, due to their role in erosion control and water quality. However, the limited information available on this ecosystem is evident when compared to interfluvial plateaus (ESFpi). Thus, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the litter stock and water storage capacity in successional ecosystems in the Eastern Amazonia. The study ecosystems (ESFpf and ESFpi) are located in the municipality of Belém, Pará, in the region of the lower Guamá River. In each ecosystem, 12 permanent plots (100 m²) were installed, where in the periods of higher and lower rainfall, three subunits of litter samples were randomly collected. Water storage in the rainy season did not differ between ecosystems, while in the less rainy season ESFpf (245.91 ± 73.19%) was higher than ESFpi (182.31 ± 77.25%). For the litter stock, there was no influence of seasonality and in both periods the ESFpi averages were higher. Infer that due to the favorable conditions for the action of the edaphic fauna in the ESFpf, there was a reduction in the contact area of the litter, increasing the water storage capacity. The smaller stock found in the ESFpf allow to infer that there was an efficient cycling of nutrients, since these ecosystems are characterized by high litter deposition. Therefore, the results contribute to the understanding of the functional processes of the Amazon river plains ecosystems

Eficiência do uso de bioestimulantes para a produção de mudas de Ipê-roxo (Handroanthus impetiginosus Mart.)

Handroanthus impetiginosus Mart., commonly known as “ipê-roxo”, is a native forest species of the Amazon with multiple functionalities; hence, strategies that can optimize seedling production of this species are indispensable, such as the use of growth-promoting biostimulants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of H. impetiginosus seedlings after inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms. Four treatments were tested, three with microorganism inoculation (R46 = Burkholderia pyrrocinia; R92 = Bacillus subtilis; and MIX = four isolates of Trichoderma asperellum) and one without inoculation, considered as a control (CTL). Inoculation took place 14 days after germination, and measurements of the evaluated parameters occurred after 60 days. For height, stem diameter, and Dickson's Quality Index, only treatments R92 and MIX were superior to CTL. Chlorophyll content did not differ among treatments. Cluster analysis revealed similarity between R92 and MIX. Microorganism inoculation resulted in an increase in root fresh mass. We believe that the antimicrobial properties of the forest species may have inhibited the effects of R46, whereas for R92, benefits could be observed because H. impetiginosus releases exudates that attract the bacterium. The positive and relevant effects of MIX can be explained by the fungus's ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid. Thus, this study highlighted the efficiency of biostimulants for the production of H. impetiginosus seedlings, and the use of B. subtilis and T. asperellum is recommended as a strategy to enhance the practice.Handroanthus impetiginosus Mart., popularmente conhecido como ipê-roxo, é uma espécie florestal nativa da Amazônia com múltiplas funcionalidades, por isso, estratégias que possam otimizar a produção de mudas dessa espécie são indispensáveis, como o uso de bioestimulantes de crescimento. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento de mudas de H. impetiginosus após inoculação de microrganismos promotores de crescimento. Quatro tratamentos foram testados, sendo três com inoculação de microrganismos (R46 = Burkholderia pyrrocinia; R92 =Bacillus subtilis e MIX = quatro isolados de Trichoderma asperellum) e um sem inoculação, considerado como referência (CTL). A inoculação ocorreu 14 dias após a germinação e as medições dos parâmetros avaliados ocorreram após 60 dias. Para altura, diâmetro do coleto e Índice de Qualidade de Dickson, apenas os tratamentos R92 e MIX foram superiores ao CTL. O teor de clorofila não diferiu entre os tratamentos. A análise de Cluster evidenciou a semelhança entre R92 e MIX. A inoculação de microrganismos resultou no aumento na massa fresca de raiz. Acreditamos que as propriedades antimicrobianas da espécie florestal podem ter inibido os efeitos de R46, enquanto que para R92 os benefícios puderam ser notados, pois H. impetiginosus libera exudatos que atraem a bactéria. Os efeitos positivos e relevantes do MIX podem ser explicados pela capacidade do fungo em produzir ácido indol-3-acético. Assim, esse estudo destacou a eficiência de bioestimulantes para a produção de mudas de H. imperiginosus e recomenda-se o uso de B. subtilis e T. asperellum como estratégia para aperfeiçoar a prática

Como o estresse nutricional do solo limita a restauração na Amazônia? : Respostas fisiológicas, bioquímicas e anatômicas de espécies arbóreas

Forest restoration is an urgent demand in the national and global scenario, especially in the Amazon due to the advance of forest cover loss. On the other hand, the nutritional limitation of soils in this biome is a challenge for this practice, considering the entire impact of stress on plants. Considering it, this review sought to compile the findings on the impacts of nutritional stress on tree species, as well as the strategies used to reverse this impasse in the Amazon. As a result, it was possible to observe biochemical, physiological, and morphological responses in tree species. In general, we found that nutritional stress results in changes in the biochemical and physiological activities of the plant since most nutrients are related to the function, structure, and/or composition of cellular elements. For morphological characteristics, a decrease in height, biomass and leaf area are the most recurrent damages. Regarding restoration methods used to minimize nutritional stress, besides conventional techniques such as phosphate fertilization and liming, it was observed the scientific community has invested in strategies mainly based on the reuse of waste. Furthermore, the application of biostimulants, biochar, and biofortification is increasingly common and promising. In this context, the promotion of research in the Amazon biome is strongly recommended to reduce existing gaps.A restauração florestal é uma demanda urgente no cenário nacional e global, especialmente na Amazônia devido ao avanço da perda de cobertura florestal. Por outro lado, a limitação nutricional dos solos do bioma é um gargalo para esta prática, tendo em vista uma série de impactos causados pelo estresse às plantas. Diante disso, está revisão buscou compilar os achados sobre os impactos do estresse nutricional para espécies arbóreas, bem como as estratégias utilizadas para reverter este impasse na Amazônia. Por meio da revisão, foi possível observar respostas bioquímicas, fisiológicas e morfológicas em espécies arbóreas. De maneira geral, constatou-se que o estrese nutricional resulta nas alterações de atividades bioquímicas e fisiológicas do vegetal, já que a maioria dos nutrientes constituem funções relacionadas à função, estrutura e/ou composição de elementos celulares. Para as características morfológicas, decréscimo em altura, biomassa e área foliar são os prejuízos mais recorrentes. Em relação aos métodos de restauração utilizados para minimizar o estresse nutricional, além de técnicas convencionais como a adubação fosfatada e a calagem, observou-se que a comunidade científica tem investido em estratégias orgânicas, baseadas principalmente no reaproveitamento de resíduos. Ademais, o uso de bioestimulantes, do biochar e da biofortificação são cada vez mais usuais e promissores. Nesse contexto, recomenda-se incisivamente o fomento de pesquisas no bioma, visando diminuir as lacunas existentes

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

SERAPILHEIRA NO PARÁ: MÉTODOS DE COLETA, VALORES DE REFERÊNCIA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NOS ÚLTIMOS 40 ANOS (1980-2019)

A serapilheira desempenha funções imprescindíveis para a manutenção dos ecossistemas, por isso, seu estudo é indispensável. Entretanto, os trabalhos publicados têm apresentado variações consideráveis quanto à periodicidade de amostragem e métodos de coleta. Assim, objetivou-se quali-quantificar a produção científica e as instituições de origem das publicações sobre serapilheira no Pará nos últimos 40 anos (1980-2019). Constatou-se 34 artigos científicos, destes a maioria (38%) foi publicado no período de 2015-2019. Em 21,28% dos trabalhos houve parcerias com pesquisadores internacionais e 8,51%, interestaduais. 91,43% das publicações científicas foram oriundas de instituições públicas, com destaque para Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (27,66%). Na autoria, predominaram profissionais concomitantemente com estudantes de pós-graduação. Encontrou-se trabalhos em apenas 16 municípios, com destaque para Paragominas, Castanhal e Belém. A avaliação da deposição ocorreu em 82,35% dos estudos, o estoque foi representado por 17,65%. A deposição de serapilheira nos ecossistemas variou de 4,56 ± 1,71 Mg ha-1 ano-1 a 8,51 ± 1,76 Mg ha-1 ano-1 para ecossistemas de pastagem e de floresta aluvial. No estoque, devido à insuficiência de trabalhos, só foi possível definir o padrão para floresta secundária, com média de 6,33 ± 2,79 Mg ha-1. A concentração de nutrientes da deposição de serapilheira nos ecossistemas deteve a seguinte ordem de magnitude: N>Ca>K>Mg>P. Nesse contexto, observou-se a necessidade da intensificação de pesquisas sobre serapilheira em diferentes ecossistemas no estado do Pará, sobretudo nos 128 municípios com ausência de publicações

A América Latina em Diário de Motocicleta, de Walter Salles e o gênero road movie

Ernesto Che Guevara percorreu a América Latina duas vezes e com isso quis conhecer sua terra e seu povo. Da segunda viagem resultou o livro De moto pela América do Sul. Diário de Viagem, o qual serviu de base para a produção do filme Diário de Motocicleta, do diretor Walter Salles. No presente artigo, pretende-se trazer à discussão a questão do gênero Road Movie, estabelecendo um diálogo entre o texto literário e a produção fílmica. Na discussão em torno dos gêneros será observado como o “estar em movimento” acaba por trans-formar o ser que se encontra em estado de “movimento.”Ernesto Che Guevara traveled through Latin America twice and he wanted to know his land and his people. The second trip resulted in the book By motorcycle through South America. Travel Journal, which served as the basis for the production of the film The Motorcycle Diary, from director Walter Salles. In this article, we intend to bring to the discussion the issue of the gender Road Movie, establishing a dialogue between literary text and film production. In the discussion of the genres it will be noted how “being in motion” turns out to trans-form the being that is in a state of “motion.”Ernesto Che Guevara hat zweimal Lateinamerika bereist und damit wollte er sein Land und dessen Bewohner näher kennen lernen. Aus der zweiten Reise entstand das Buch De moto pela América do Sul. Diário de Viagem [Latinoamericana. Tagebuch einer Motorradreise 1951/52], das als Vorlage für die Produktion des Filmes Diário de Motocicleta, vom Regisseur Walter Salles diente. In diesem Beitrag möchte man den Begriff des Road Movie als Genre in die Diskussion bringen, indem man den literarischen Text und die filmische Produktion diskutiert. Im Gespräch um das Thema soll betrachtet werden wie der Begriff des “In-Bewegung-Sein” den sich “bewegenden” ver-ändert

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data