La transparencia y el equilibrio económico financiero en las contrataciones del Poder Judicial, 2020

El presente informe académico, titulado “La transparencia y el equilibrio económico financiero en las contrataciones del Poder Judicial, 2020”, tiene como objetivo transparentar las contrataciones públicas con herramientas efectivas para combatir la corrupción, así como lograr contrataciones transparentes, oportunas, eficientes y eficaces, promoviendo buenas prácticas en los gestores o decisores con incidencia directa en las contrataciones públicas. La investigación es de tipo teórica, por haberse basado en una revisión bibliográfica. En cuanto a la metodología, se realizó una investigación previa a trabajos de investigación e informes tanto nacionales como internacionales referentes al tema de investigación. Como resultados de la investigación se ha determinado la importancia de la transparencia y el equilibrio económico financiero en las contrataciones, como herramientas clave para la lucha contra la corrupción en la gestión pública, existiendo una relación positiva entre la gestión pública transparente y la aplicación de la transparencia como principio en las Contrataciones Públicas, como la relación existente entre la gestión púbica transparente y el equilibrio económico financiero en las contrataciones Públicas pues permiten lograr soluciones transparentes, equilibradas y coherentes con los intereses de las partes. Confirmándose además las consecuencias negativas que produce la corrupción en las contrataciones públicas del país

Medidas cautelares y el proceso de alimentos en los juzgado de paz letrado de San Juan De Lurigancho – 2019

El presente trabajo de investigación se partió del problema: ¿En qué medida las medidas cautelares se relacionan con el proceso de alimentos en los Juzgados de Paz Letrado de San Juan de Lurigancho– 2019? para tal efecto el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar en qué medida las medidas cautelares se relacionan con el proceso de alimentos en losJuzgado de Paz Letrado de San Juan de Lurigancho– 2019. La investigación se llevó a cabo mediante el método científico, se consideró el tipo de investigación básica, de nivel descriptivo, correlacionar y diseño no experimental transeccional. La muestra de estudio se encuesto a 60 abogados litigantes del Juzgado de Paz Letrado de San Juan de Lurigancho-2019, lo cual se utilizó las técnicas de la observancia, análisis documental y encuesta con sus instrumentos: Observaciónindirecta, fichas de investigación y el cuestionario. Como resultado de la investigación se pudo mencionar que las medidas cautelares en el proceso de alimento en los Juzgado de Paz Letradode San Juan de Lurigancho-2019, son aplicadas de manera efectiva por los operadores de justicia. Con lo que se concluye que los abogados litigantes solicitan con más frecuencia las medidas cautelares (asignación anticipada, embargo de beneficio sociales e impedimento de salida), asímismo estas protegen y garantizan las necesidades básicas de alimentos necesario de los niños y adolescentes. Por ello, se recomienda que los jueces supremos realicen un acuerdo plenario con el fin de aplicar las medidas cautelares en los procesos de alimentos en el resto de los distritos judiciales para garantizar los derechos de los niños y adolescentes

TM plasmonic modes in a multilayer graphene-dielectric structure

Optical and electronic properties of multilayer systems have been extensively studied in the last years due to its potential applications in high-performance optoelectronic and photonic devices. In particular, the role of plasmonic modes is critical in such systems leading to improvements in solar cells efficiency, detection of biosensors, Raman signal enhancement, among others. In this work, we study the plasmonic modes in a multilayer system composed of graphene layers embedded within dielectric materials. The dispersion relation of plasmonic modes is obtained by calculating the poles of reflectivity using the transfer matrix method. We show the attenuated total reflection spectra for a multilayer graphene-dielectric structure, and determine the optimum distance between the prism and the multilayer system for detecting graphene plasmons in the Otto configuration. Additional to the well-known plasmonics bands, when we consider the interband and intraband contribution of graphene's conductivity, and large wavevectors parallel to graphene's plane, all plasmonic bands have an asymptotic behavior. Besides, an upper mode emerges. Finally, it is important to highlight that the number of branches in the plasmonic relation dispersion depend on the number of graphene sheets

Fallas regulatorias en el cierre de minas: el caso Quiruvilca

En el año 2003, se creó un marco regulatorio para los Planes de Cierre de Minas; hoy, luego de 18 años de vigencia de este marco normativo, nos encontramos en un período en el cual resulta importante evaluar su efectividad, toda vez que algunas operaciones mineras se encuentran concluyendo con sus actividades. En ese sentido, corresponde que el cierre de minas se produzca de manera coherente y que todos los costos sean asumidos por el titular minero, al ser quien obtuvo los beneficios de la operación. Así pues, el presente trabajo pretende hacer una evaluación, debido a su relevancia, del diseño, implementación y cumplimiento de las disposiciones que regulan los costos del cierre de minas y la correspondiente constitución y ejecución de las garantías de cierre. Mediante esta evaluación, se pretende evidenciar la existencia de fallas regulatorias en el diseño, implementación y cumplimiento de la referida normativa, y cómo dichas fallas pueden generar situaciones en las que sea el Estado y no el titular minero el que asuma el costo del cierre de operaciones, además de los problemas de contaminación (externalidades negativas)

Handling missing values in trait data

Aim Trait data are widely used in ecological and evolutionary phylogenetic comparative studies, but often values are not available for all species of interest. Researchers traditionally have excluded species without data from analyses, but estimation of missing values using imputation has been proposed as a better approach. However, imputation methods have largely been designed for randomly missing data, yet trait data are often not missing at random (e.g. more data for bigger species). Here we evaluate the performance of approaches for handling missing values considering biased datasets. Location Any Time period Any Major taxa studied Any Methods We simulated continuous traits and separate response variables to test performance of nine imputation methods and complete-case analysis (excluding missing values from the dataset) under biased missing data scenarios. We characterized performance by estimating error in imputed trait values (deviation from the true value) and inferred trait-response relationships (deviation from the true relationship between a trait and response). Results Generally, Rphylopars imputation produced the most accurate estimate of missing values and best preserved the response-trait slope. However, estimates of missing data were still inaccurate, even with only 5% of values missing. Under severe biases, errors were high with every approach. Imputation was not always the best option, with complete-case analysis frequently outperforming Mice imputation, and to a lesser degree BHPMF imputation. Mice, a popular approach, performed poorly when the response variable was excluded from the imputation model. Main conclusions Imputation can effectively handle missing data under some conditions, but is not always the best solution. None of the methods we tested could effectively deal with severe biases, which may be common in trait datasets. We recommend rigorous data checking for biases before and after imputation and propose variables that can assist researchers working with incomplete datasets to detect data biases and minimise errors

Acetylsalicylic acid prevents intermittent hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling in a murine model of sleep apnea

Study objectives: Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), a hallmark feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), induces accelerated atherogenesis as well as aorta vascular remodeling. Although the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway has been proposed to contribute to the cardiovascular consequences of OSA, the potential benefits of a widely employed COX-inhibitor such (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) on CIH-induced vascular pathology are unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that a common non-selective COX inhibitor such as ASA would attenuate the aortic remodeling induced by CIH in mice. Methods: 40 wild-type C57/BL6malemice were randomly allocated to CIH or normoxic exposures (N) and treated with daily doses of ASA or placebo for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiments, intima-media thickness (IMT), elastin disorganization (ED), elastin fragmentation (EF), length between fragmented fiber endpoints (LFF), aortic wall collagen abundance (AC) and mucoid deposition (MD) were assessed. Results: Compared to N, CIH promoted significant increases in IMT (52.58 ± 2.82μm vs. 46.07 ± 4.18μm, p < 0.003), ED (25.29 ± 14.60% vs. 4.74 ± 5.37%, p < 0.001), EF (5.80 ± 2.04 vs. 3.06 ± 0.58, p < 0.001), LFF (0.65 ± 0.34% vs. 0.14 ± 0.09%, p < 0.001), AC (3.43 ± 1.52% vs. 1.67 ± 0.67%, p < 0.001) and MD (3.40 ± 2.73 μm2 vs. 1.09 ± 0.72 μm2, p < 0.006). ASA treatment mitigated the CIH-induced alterations in IMT: 44.07 ± 2.73μm; ED: 10.57 ± 12.89%; EF: 4.63 ± 0.88; LFF: 0.25 ± 0.17% and AC: 0.90 ± 0.13% (p<0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions: ASA prevents the CIH-induced aortic vascular remodeling, and should therefore be prospectively evaluated as adjuvant treatment in patients with OSA.This work was supported by the Spanish Respiratory Society (SEPAR), SOCAP, the Associació Lleidatana de Respiratori (ALLER), and the Spanish Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (PI14/00486 and PI14-00004), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) “Una manera de hacer Europa”. DG is supported by National Institutes of Health grant HL130984

Sensitivity to horizontal resolution in the AGCM simulations of warm season diurnal cycle of precipitation over the United States and northern Mexico

This study examines the sensitivity of the North American warm season diurnal cycle of precipitation to changes in horizontal resolution in three atmospheric general circulation models, with a primary focus on how the parameterized moist processes respond to improved resolution of topography and associated local/regional circulations on the diurnal time scale. It is found that increasing resolution (from approximately 2?? to 1/2?? in latitude-longitude) has a mixed impact on the simulated diurnal cycle of precipitation. Higher resolution generally improves the initiation and downslope propagation of moist convection over the Rockies and the adjacent Great Plains. The propagating signals, however, do not extend beyond the slope region, thereby likely contributing to a dry bias in the Great Plains. Similar improvements in the propagating signals are also found in the diurnal cycle over the North American monsoon region as the models begin to resolve the Gulf of California and the surrounding steep terrain. In general, the phase of the diurnal cycle of precipitation improves with increasing resolution, though not always monotonically. Nevertheless, large errors in both the phase and amplitude of the diurnal cycle in precipitation remain even at the highest resolution considered here. These errors tend to be associated with unrealistically strong coupling of the convection to the surface heating and suggest that improved simulations of the diurnal cycle of precipitation require further improvements in the parameterizations of moist convection processes.open37

Correlates of extinction risk in squamate reptiles: the relative importance of biology, geography, threat and range size

Aim: Evaluating the relative roles of biological traits and environmental factors that predispose species to an elevated risk of extinction is of fundamental importance to macroecology. Identifying species that possess extinction-promoting traits allows targeted conservation action before precipitous declines occur. Such analyses have been carried out for several vertebrate groups, with the notable exception of reptiles. We identify traits correlating with high extinction risk in squamate reptiles, assess whether these differ with geography, taxonomy and threats, and make recommendations for future Red List assessments. Location: Global. Methods: We collected data on biological traits and environmental factors for a representative sample of 1139 species of squamate reptiles. We used phylogenetically controlled regression models to identify general correlates of extinction risk, threat-specific correlates of risk and realm-specific correlates of risk. We also assessed the relative importance of range size versus other factors through multiplicative bivariate models, partial regressions and variance partitioning. Results: Range size was the most important predictor of extinction risk, reflecting the high frequency of reptiles assessed under range-based IUCN criteria. Habitat specialists occupying accessible ranges were at a greater risk of extinction: although these factors never contributed more than 10% to the variance in extinction risk, they showed significant interactions with range size. The predictive power of our global models ranged from 23% to 29%. The general overall pattern remained the same among geographical, taxonomic and threat-specific data subsets. Main conclusions: Proactive conservation requires shortcuts to identify species at high risk of extinction. Regardless of location, squamate reptiles that are range-restricted habitat specialists living in areas highly accessible to humans are likely to become extinct first. Prioritizing species that exhibit such traits could forestall extinction. Integration of data sources on human pressures, such as accessibility of species ranges, may aid robust and time-efficient assessments of species extinction risk

Acetylsalicylic acid prevents intermittent hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling in a murine model of sleep apnea

Study objectives: Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), a hallmark feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), induces accelerated atherogenesis as well as aorta vascular remodeling. Although the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway has been proposed to contribute to the cardiovascular consequences of OSA, the potential benefits of a widely employed COX-inhibitor such (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) on CIH-induced vascular pathology are unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that a common non-selective COX inhibitor such as ASA would attenuate the aortic remodeling induced by CIH in mice.Methods: 40 wild-type C57/BL6 male mice were randomly allocated to CIH or normoxic exposures (N) and treated with daily doses of ASA or placebo for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiments, intima-media thickness (IMT), elastin disorganization (ED), elastin fragmentation (EF), length between fragmented fiber endpoints (LFF), aortic wall collagen abundance (AC) and mucoid deposition (MD) were assessed.Results: Compared to N, CIH promoted significant increases in IMT (52.58 +/- 2.82 mu m vs. 46.07 +/- 4.18 m, p < 0.003), ED (25.29 +/- 14.60% vs. 4.74 +/- 5.37%, p < 0.001), EF (5.80 +/- 2.04 vs. 3.06 +/- 0.58, p < 0.001), LFF (0.65 +/- 0.34% vs. 0.14 +/- 0.09%, p < 0.001), AC (3.43 +/- 1.52% vs. 1.67 +/- 0.67%, p < 0.001) and MD (3.40 +/- 2.73 mu m(2) vs. 1.09 +/- 0.72 mu m(2), p < 0.006). ASA treatment mitigated the CIH-induced alterations in IMT: 44.07 +/- 2.73 mu m; ED: 10.57 +/- 12.89%; EF: 4.63 +/- 0.88; LFF: 0.25 +/- 0.17% and AC: 0.90 +/- 0.13% (p < 0.05 for all comparisons).Conclusions: ASA prevents the CIH-induced aortic vascular remodeling, and should therefore be prospectively evaluated as adjuvant treatment in patients with OSA