THE MOST IMPORTANT GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES

More efficient use of resources and economy based on the principles of sustainable development presents a development opportunity that will enable long-term socio-economic development. Therefore, the European Union is extremely active in the creation and implementation of environmental policies, with a view to its conservation, prevention from degradation, and quality improvement, because it gives natural resources necessary for the overall development. Numerous directives, regulations, and rules of the European Union in the field of environmental protection have changed over the years, in the direction of introducing complex measures for the protection of the environment and indicators for monitoring sustainable development achievements. The latest in a series of documents governing the issue of sustainable development is Agenda 2030, where the majority of sustainable development goals is directly linked to the environment and focus on the sustainability of natural resources. At the same time, a preliminary Sustainable Development Index Goal (SDG Index) has been developed, summarizing trends of a set of indicators monitoring the achievement of sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030. The subject of the paper is an analysis of strategic documents dedicated to sustainable development and environmental protection in the European Union, with the aim of showing their development path over time

INFRASTRUCTURE AS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE COUNTRIES OF SOUTHEAST EUROPE

Tourism infrastructure is the basis of tourism development and utilization of existing destination resources. Tourism infrastructure includes a large number of services, necessary to meet the needs of tourists and increase satisfaction during their stay at the destination. The subject of this paper is the consideration of relationship between the available infrastructure and the achieved level of tourism development. The paper suggests that future tourism development depends on intensive investment in infrastructure and its modernization, as an important factor of development of the tourism sector. The aim of the paper is to analyze the correlation between tourism competitiveness in the Southeast Europe (SEE) countries and the level of competitiveness of tourism infrastructure. It is noted that increase in the number of hotel rooms is a factor that largely contributes to increase in the level of tourism competitiveness of the observed group of countries

Sustainable Tourism in the Context of Environmental Economics

Increasing international focus on sustainable development have highlighted the need for a new paradigm of sustainable development in the tourism industry. Tourism, more than any other activity, depends on the quality of natural and social resources. The rapid spread of Covid-19 and its already palpable impact on the travel and tourism industry has highlighted the increasing complexity of the interconnections in the world. Sustainable tourism takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors and the industry. The subject of this paper was the sustainable development of tourism in the context of environmental economics. The main goal of this research was to examine the interplay between tourism and the environment within the context of the pandemic. The methodological basis was the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), with a particular focus on environmental sustainability. The paper included an impact assessment of Covid-19 on sustainable tourism and forward-looking scenarios for 2021-2024. One of the key considerations was a SWOT analysis of the tourism industry within the pandemic conditions. Global recovery scenarios were discussed, as was the economic impact of Covid-19 on tourism in the European Union. Finally, this research put forward policy recommendations for governments to avert the worst effects and facilitate recovery in this field. Keywords: tourism economics, environmental sustainability, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), European Union, Covid-19, crisis managemen

Efekti integrisanja ekoloških mera u zajedničku poljoprivrednu politiku Evropske Unije

The immense attention that has been given to environmental issues in recent years can be attributed to a large amount of scientific evidence, according to which the existing and projected patterns of economic activities cause its degradation, which in turn questions the future of these economic activities. Development in the 21st century should be based on the rational use of natural resources, with minimal reversible damage to the environment. The development understood in this way is the starting point of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy. Appropriate environmental measures have been prescribed for the realization of the planned developmental path, with the obligation to implement and adhere to them gaining more importance. Since its establishment, the Common Agricultural Policy has not focused on the environmental impact of agricultural production. More precisely, the possible environmental consequences of agricultural production on the environment had not been considered, which in turn led to significant problems. The problems that arose were the basis for the development of the environmental policy which defined the principles, measures and determinants for environmental protection and its improvement in the course of time. The analysis of measures and tools in the field of environmental protection, which are an integral part of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy, was performed in order to point out their importance through reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy in preventing risks of environmental degradation and improving agroecosystem sustainability. In the part of the dissertation related to empirical research, in terms of agricultural development and environmental quality, the degree of interdependence of ecological and economic performances of agricultural production at the level of the EU member countries was analyzed. The EU countries have been classified into homogeneous groups through cluster analysis, according to the achieved level of environmental performance, thus showing the position of the countries between groups in relation to the achieved environmental performance, highlighting the recommendations for further direction of agricultural production and actions in combating climate change which is, needless to say, harmful to the environment. Based on the analysis of predictions of future values and the extent of environmental consequences, climate change has been recognized as an environmental indicator with the most influential negative impact on the environment

On tail index estimation using samples with missing observations

Teza obrađuje ocenjivanje indeksa pravilne promenljivosti na nekompletnom uzorku zavisnih slučajnih veličina sa raspodelom teškog repa. Pod pretpostavkom ekstremalne zavisnosti dokazuje se konzistentnost ocene geometrijskog tipa, kao i konzistentnost i asimptotska normalnost Hilove ocene. Navode se primeri procesa koji zadovoljavaju zahteve dokazanih teorema i na kojima se mogu primeniti dobijeni rezultati...For the sequence of heavy-tailed and possibly dependent random variables with the missing observations the estimation of the tail-index is considered. Under minimal but verifiable assumption of ''extremal dependence'' we proved the consistency of geometric-type estimator (Brito and Freitas, 2003). We extended results from Mladenovic and Piterbarg (2008) and proved the consistency and the asymptotic normality of the Hill estimator. Illustrative examples are provided..

Red riječi u staroengleskom, srednjovjekovnom engleskom i suvremenom engleskom jeziku

As English language developed from the times of Old English (450-1100), into Middle English (1100-1500), and then to Modern English (1500-present), several grammatical and morphological changes followed the development of the language. The language advanced from the free word order in the Old English times to the fixed word order in the Modern English. Old English had the SOV pattern as the base word order with the SVO as the dominant order in main clauses. In the Middle English the situation was a bit different with the SVO order posing as the base word order. As the Modern English went through a process of standardization, the base word order remained SVO with and occasional appearance of OSV. This paper discusses not only the base word order of all three eras of development of English language but the historical evolution of the people and the language in general

Procena međusobne zavisnosti profesionalnog stresa i emocionalne inteligencije od nastavnika osnovnih škola

Teaching is performed in a complex environment, which hasmadesameto be a stressing job. Emotionally intelligent teachers demonstrate positive behaviour in all kind of academic tasks and show more resilient response in stressful situation and less likely to react to stress. The research was aimed at determining occupational stress, health, well being and emotional intelligence, as well as their interdependence, in the group of primary school teachers. A survey was formed containing: COPSOQ II, AES, TEIQue-SF, SPANE, SWLS A total 325 primary school teacher filled out questionnaires. There were determined high cognitive (69,52±17,01), emotional (59,62±18,69), demands for hiding emotions (68,56±15,56), work pace (56,38±21,45) and meaning of work (72,05±17,18). The scores of ability and trait emotional intelligence were within the average for the general population. Stress, burnout, stress and depressive symptoms, job insecurity, home-work interface, sleep disorders, quantitative and emotional demands, were in a negative correlation with the trait emotional intelligence. The positive influence of ability emotional intelligence has been proven on the demands for hiding emotions, influence on work, commitment to work, role clarity, self-efficacy and social support as well as on cognitive demands, social inclusiveness and meaning of work. The job satisfaction (69,88±15,86) was positively correlated with awards, commitment to work, meaning of work and justice. Work-family and role conflicts reduce job satisfaction. Selfrated good health positively correlated with self-efficacy, and negatively with burnout and somatic stress. The work influence and sense of coherence were important determinants of life satisfaction. Positive experience were related to cognitive demands, commitment to work, work influence, possibilities for development, meaning of work, recognitions, role-clarity, a sense of coherence, job satisfaction, mutual trust and support, justice, health and self-efficacy. Teachers are a resilient professional group can refer to a sense of coherence, social support and trust, job satisfaction, commitment to work and self-efficacy. Emotional intelligence learning can be a predictor of the professionalism of a modern teacher, to whom the development of students' personality is the main goal and result of education

Red riječi u staroengleskom, srednjovjekovnom engleskom i suvremenom engleskom jeziku

As English language developed from the times of Old English (450-1100), into Middle English (1100-1500), and then to Modern English (1500-present), several grammatical and morphological changes followed the development of the language. The language advanced from the free word order in the Old English times to the fixed word order in the Modern English. Old English had the SOV pattern as the base word order with the SVO as the dominant order in main clauses. In the Middle English the situation was a bit different with the SVO order posing as the base word order. As the Modern English went through a process of standardization, the base word order remained SVO with and occasional appearance of OSV. This paper discusses not only the base word order of all three eras of development of English language but the historical evolution of the people and the language in general

The implications of regulatory framework for topical semisolid drug products: From critical quality and performance attributes towards establishing bioequivalence

Due to complex interdependent relationships affecting their microstructure, topical semisolid drug formulations face unique obstacles to the development of generics compared to other drug products. Traditionally, establishing bioequivalence is based on comparative clinical trials, which are expensive and often associated with high degrees of variability and low sensitivity in detecting formulation differences. To address this issue, leading regulatory agencies have aimed to advance guidelines relevant to topical generics, ultimately accepting different non-clinical, in vitro/in vivo surrogate methods for topical bioequivalence assessment. Unfortunately, according to both industry and academia stakeholders, these efforts are far from flawless, and often upsurge the potential for result variability and a number of other failure modes. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the literature focused on amending regulatory positions concerning the demonstration of (i) extended pharmaceutical equivalence and (ii) equivalence with respect to the efficacy of topical semisolids. The proposed corrective measures are disclosed and critically discussed, as they span from mere demands to widen the acceptance range (e.g., from 10% to 20%/25% for rheology and in vitro release parameters highly prone to batch-to-batch variability) or reassess the optimal number of samples required to reach the desired statistical power, but also rely on specific data modeling or novel statistical approaches