Impact of coastal engineering on the water quality of the Ria Formosa Lagoon, Portugal

The Ria Formosa is a coastal lagoon in southern Portugal. It is a Ramsar and Natura 2000 site and supports important resources such as fisheries, aquaculture and tourism. Human impacts on the Ria Formosa include urbanization, intensive agriculture, aquaculture, and coastal engineering. In this rare, long-term study of a coastal lagoon, the effects of changes in coastal zone management are documented. Data from studies over 12 years are compared to follow the impact of coastal engineering on the water quality of the lagoon. The studies are: • Prior to the opening of the INDIA inlet • Following the opening of the inlet (prior to the operation of the sewage treatment plant) • After the start of the sewage treatment plant operation Recent modifications to the lagoon appear to have improved the water quality of the western lagoon with respect to dissolved oxygen percentage saturation

MERIS phytoplankton time series products from the SW Iberian Peninsula (Sagres) using seasonal-trend decomposition based on loess

The European Space Agency has acquired 10 years of data on the temporal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton biomass from the MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) sensor for ocean color. The phytoplankton biomass was estimated with the MERIS product Algal Pigment Index 1 (API 1). Seasonal-Trend decomposition of time series based on Loess (STL) identified the temporal variability of the dynamical features in the MERIS products for water leaving reflectance ((w)()) and API 1. The advantages of STL is that it can identify seasonal components changing over time, it is responsive to nonlinear trends, and it is robust in the presence of outliers. One of the novelties in this study is the development and the implementation of an automatic procedure, stl.fit(), that searches the best data modeling by varying the values of the smoothing parameters, and by selecting the model with the lowest error measure. This procedure was applied to 10 years of monthly time series from Sagres in the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula at three Stations, 2, 10 and 18 km from the shore. Decomposing the MERIS products into seasonal, trend and irregular components with stl.fit(), the (w)() indicated dominance of the seasonal and irregular components while API 1 was mainly dominated by the seasonal component, with an increasing effect from inshore to offshore. A comparison of the seasonal components between the (w)() and the API 1 product, showed that the variations decrease along this time period due to the changes in phytoplankton functional types. Furthermore, inter-annual seasonal variation for API 1 showed the influence of upwelling events and in which month of the year these occur at each of the three Sagres stations. The stl.fit() is a good tool for any remote sensing study of time series, particularly those addressing inter-annual variations. This procedure will be made available in R software

Monitoring of oxygen condition in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon, Portugal

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important environmental variables of water quality, especially for marine life. Consequently, oxygen is one of the Chemical Quality Elements required for the implementation of European Union Water Framework Directive. This study uses the example of the Ria Formosa, a meso-tidal lagoon on the south coast of Portugal to demonstrate how monitoring of water quality for coastal waters must be well designed to identify symptoms of episodic hypoxia. New data from the western end of the Ria Formosa were compared to values in a database of historical data and in the published literature to identify long-term trends. The dissolved oxygen concentration values in the database and in the literature were generally higher than those found in this study, where episodic hypoxia was observed during the summer. Analysis of the database showed that the discrepancy was probably related with the time and the sites where the samples had been collected, rather than a long-term trend. The most problematic situations were within the inner lagoon near the city of Faro, where episodic hypoxia (<2 mg dm3 DO) occurred regularly in the early morning. These results emphasise the need for a balanced sampling strategy for oxygen monitoring which includes all periods of the day and night, as well as a representative range of sites throughout the lagoon. Such a strategy would provide adequate data to apply management measures to reduce the risk of more persistent hypoxia that would impact on the ecological, important natural resource. economic and leisure uses of this Important natural resource

In situ determination of the remote sensing reflectance: an inter-comparison

Inter-comparison of data products from simultaneous measurements performed with independent systems and methods is a viable approach to assess the consistency of data and additionally to investigate uncertainties. Within such a context the inter-comparison called Assessment of In Situ Radiometric Capabilities for Coastal Water Remote Sensing Applications (ARC), was carried out at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower in the northern Adriatic Sea to explore the accuracy of in situ data products from various in- and above-water optical systems and methods. Measurements were performed under almost ideal conditions including: a stable deployment platform, clear sky, relatively low sun zenith angles and moderately low sea state. Additionally, all optical sensors involved in the experiment were inter-calibrated through a post-field absolute radiometric calibration performed with the same standards and methods. Inter-compared data products include: spectral water-leaving radiance Lw,above-water downward irradiance Ed(0+) and remote sensing reflectance Rrs. Data products from the various measurement systems/methods were directly compared to those from a single reference system/method. Results for Rrs indicate spectrally averaged values of relative differences comprised between -1 and +6%, while spectrally averaged absolute values of relative differences vary from approximately 6% for the above-water systems/methods to 9% for buoy-based systems/methods. The good agreement between Rrs spectral relative differences and estimates of combined uncertainties of the inter-compared systems/methods is noteworthy.JRC.H.1-Water Resource

Technical note: Algal Pigment Index 2 in the Atlantic off the southwest Iberian Peninsula: standard and regional algorithms

In this study, Algal Pigment Index 2 (API2) is investigated in Sagres, an area located in the Atlantic off the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. Standard results provided by the MEdium Resolution Image Spectrometer (MERIS) ocean colour sensor were compared with alternative data products, determined through a regional inversion scheme, using both MERIS and in situ remote sensing reflectances (R-rs) as input data. The reference quantity for performance assessment is in situ total chlorophyll a (TChl a) concentration estimated through a phytoplankton absorption coefficient (i.e. equivalent to API2). Additional comparison of data products has also been addressed for TChl a concentration determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The MERIS matchup analysis revealed a systematic underestimation of TChl a, which was confirmed with an independent comparison of product map analysis. The study demonstrates the importance of regional algorithms for the study area that could complement upcoming standard results of the current Sentinel-3/OLCI space mission

Evaluation of eutrophication in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon, Portugal

The Ria Formosa is a shallow mesotidal lagoon on the south coast of Portugal, with natural biogeochemical cycles essentially regulated by tidal exchanges at the seawater boundaries and at the sediment interface. Existing data on nutrients in the water column and the sediment, together with chlorophyll a and oxygen saturation in the water column,compared using different models for assessing eutrophication. The European Environmental Agency criteria are based on the comparison of nutrient concentrations which indicate that the situation in the Ria Formosa is ‘‘poor’’ to ‘‘bad’’. In contrast, the United States Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment is based on symptoms, including high chlorophyll a and low oxygen saturation, which indicate that the Ria Formosa is near pristine. Despite these contradictions, a preliminary assessment by Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impact, Reponses(DPSIR) of eutrophication demonstrate the potential for episodic eutrophic conditions from treated and untreated domestic effluent as well as from non-point source agricultural run off. Sediments are also an important source of nutrients in the lagoon, but their contribution to potential eutrophic conditions is unknown

In situ determination of the remote sensing reflectance: an inter-comparison

Inter-comparison of data products from simultaneous measurements performed with independent systems and methods is a viable approach to assess the consistency of data and additionally to investigate uncertainties. Within such a context the inter-comparison called Assessment of In Situ Radiometric Capabilities for Coastal Water Remote Sensing Applications (ARC) was carried out at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower in the northern Adriatic Sea to explore the accuracy of in situ data products from various in- and above-water optical systems and methods. Measurements were performed under almost ideal conditions, including a stable deployment platform, clear sky, relatively low sun zenith angles and moderately low sea state. Additionally, all optical sensors involved in the experiment were inter-calibrated through absolute radiometric calibration performed with the same standards and methods. Inter-compared data products include spectral water-leaving radiance Lw (&lambda;), above-water downward irradiance Ed(0+,&lambda;) and remote sensing reflectance Rrs(&lambda;). Data products from the various measurement systems/methods were directly compared to those from a single reference system/method. Results for Rrs(&lambda;) indicate spectrally averaged values of relative differences comprised between -1 and +6%, while spectrally averaged values of absolute differences vary from approximately 6% for the above-water systems/methods to 9% for buoy-based systems/methods. The agreement between Rrs(&lambda;) spectral relative differences and estimates of combined uncertainties of the inter-compared systems/methods is noteworthy

Sites of humanism : intimate encounters within Black feminist geographies

Sites of Humanism: Intimate Encounters Within Black Feminist Geographies explores Black women’s creation and engagement with places and spaces. In particular, these selected essays consider Black women’s ability to turn oppressive or constraining structures, systems, and theories of knowledge into what Dr. Ashanté Reese calls, spaces of “containment but not confinement.” The collection begins by reflecting on two Black geographical frameworks of the human problem, W.E.B. Du Bois’ Veil/veil and Sylvia Wynter’s demonic. I consider material accounts of these racialized geographies in The Souls of Black Folk and Harriet Ann Jacobs’ slave narrative, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The piece closes by reading Saidiya Hartman’s use of critical fabulation in Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments as an aspect of the demonic grounds, and a site of opportunity for an important epistemological break for our understanding of the human. The next essay analyzes Black exploitation in Stanley Kubrick’s The Shining. Film offers a level of visibility that is reminiscent of Western geographic practices that privilege seeing as knowing. Additionally, photographs of two Black women are included in the film, yet there are not any Black women characters. The film reminded me of the demonic, and I wondered what did it mean for these photographs to be included, and could they be read oppositionally? The final paper posits that the Humanities have an integral role in imagining being human anew. In particular, the novel is a medium of possibility. Its form can reach the conceptual crevices and excesses that lie beyond our epistemic boundaries. I read Rivers Solomon’s An Unkindness of Ghosts as an ushering in of Sylvia Wynter’s demonic.Englis

Receptores Innatos e IL-17 en la respuesta inmune frente a hongos patógenos humanos

Durante los últimos años, el aumento de las infecciones fúngicas invasivas en humanos, emerge asociado a la falta de diagnóstico precoz, terapias antifúngicas efectivas y al desarrollo de vacunas. Perturbaciones en la homeostasis inmune debido a intervencionesmédicas o a estados de inmunosupresión inducidos por diferentes enfermedades, son conocidos factores de riesgo para la adquisición de estas micosis. Las células del sistema inmune innato están equipadas con receptores de superficie y citoplasmáticos que permiten el reconocimiento de diferentes microorganismos y que colectivamente han sido denominados Receptores de Reconocimiento de Patrones (PRRs). Estos PRRs reconocenestructuras altamente conservadas en los microorganismos identificadas como Patrones Moleculares Asociados a Patógenos (PAMPs), que son claves para la activación del sistema inmune y la inducción de muerte de estos patógenos fúngicos. Esta revisión explora el rol de los PRRs, la participación de diferentes células en el desarrollo de una respuestaefectiva, con especial foco en la contribución de la IL-17 en la inmunidad antifúngica. La presencia de mutaciones naturales en humanos que confieren susceptibilidad a infecciones por hongos, su implicancia clínica y su aporte al conocimiento de la etiopatogenia de estas micosis es abordada en este artículo.Fil: Miró, María Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Vigezzi, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Emilse. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Icely, Paula Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Caeiro, Juan Pablo. Hospital Privado Centro Medico de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Riera, Fernando Oscar. Hospital Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Masih, Diana Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Sotomayor, Claudia Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; Argentin

Assessing, quantifying and valuing the ecosystem services of coastal lagoons

The natural conservation of coastal lagoons is important not only for their ecological importance, but also because of the valuable ecosystem services they provide for human welfare and wellbeing. Coastal lagoons are shallow semi-enclosed systems that support important habitats such as wetlands, mangroves, salt-marshes and seagrass meadows, as well as a rich biodiversity. Coastal lagoons are also complex social-ecological systems with ecosystem services that provide livelihoods, wellbeing and welfare to humans. This study assessed, quantified and valued the ecosystem services of 32 coastal lagoons. The main findings of the study are: (i) the definitions of ecosystem services are still not generally accepted; (ii) the quantification of ecosystem services is made in many different ways, using different units; (iii) the evaluation in monetary terms of some ecosystem service is problematic, often relying on non-monetary evaluation methods; (iv) when ecosystem services are valued in monetary terms, this may represent very different human benefits; and, (v) different aspects of climate change, including increasing temperature, sea-level rise and changes in rainfall patterns threaten the valuable ecosystem services of coastal lagoons.DEVOTES project, from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration [308392]; networks and communities of Eurolag; Future Earth Coasts; SCOR; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) Investigador Programme [IF/00331/2013]; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia [UID/MAR/04292/2013]; CESAM by FCT/MEC national funds (PIDDAC) [UID/AMB/50017/2013 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007638]; FEDER; European Commission, under the 7th Framework Programme through the collaborative research project LAGOONS [283157]; FCT [SFRH/BPD/107823/2015, SFRH/BPD/91494/2012