Berufsbildung und digitalisierte Arbeitswelt: Wer übt kognitive Routinetätigkeiten in Österreich aus?

Wer sind die Arbeitskräfte, die in Österreich in Berufen tätig sind, die sich durch überwiegend kognitive Routinetätigkeiten auszeichnen? Der Beitrag folgt dieser Fragestellung und versucht, mögliche relevante Einflussfaktoren zu identifizieren, die von personenspezifischen Merkmalen, Arbeitsplatzcharakteristika, Beschäftigungsmerkmalen bis hin zu Unternehmenseigenschaften reichen

Formal überqualifiziert? Eine Analyse der Verwertbarkeit der formalen Ausbildung am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt

Warum eine Arbeitskraft auf einem Arbeitsplatz tätig ist, der nicht ihrer formalen Qualifikation entspricht, kann viele Gründe haben. In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, in welchem Maße die Art der formalen Ausbildung - Allgemeinbildung versus Berufsbildung - das Risiko von Männern und Frauen beeinflusst, nicht entsprechend ihrer formalen Qualifikation im Unternehmen eingesetzt zu werden. Kontrolliert wird dabei für Arbeitsplatzeigenschaften

Österreich 2025: Arbeitszeitverteilung in Österreich - Analyse und Optionen aus Sicht der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer

Die empirische Evidenz zur Verteilung der Arbeitszeit unselbstständig Beschäftigter in Österreich zeigt eine hohe Heterogenität, insbesondere zwischen Frauen und Männern (Gender-Time-Gap). Während Frauen durchschnittlich mehr Zeit pro Woche für unbezahlte Tätigkeiten aufwenden als Männer, sind Männer im Durchschnitt einen Vollzeit-Tag pro Woche (8,2 Stunden) länger in bezahlter Beschäftigung als Frauen. Der beträchtliche Unterschied in der durchschnittlichen Wochenerwerbsarbeitszeit (Männer 39,8 und Frauen 31,6 Stunden) geht primär darauf zurück, dass fast die Hälfte der Frauen (49,4%) teilzeitbeschäftigt ist und viele Männer Überstunden leisten. Grund dafür sind traditionelle Rollenbilder sowie die ungleiche Verteilung der Hausarbeit und der Betreuung von Kindern und Pflegebedürftigen. So dominiert in Paarhaushalten mit Kindern unter 15 Jahren das Zuverdienst-Modell: Der Mann ist in Vollzeit erwerbstätig, die Frau in Teilzeit. Gleichzeitig entspricht bei rund einem Viertel der unselbstständig Beschäftigten die tatsächlich geleistete Wochenerwerbsarbeitszeit nicht dem gewünschten Ausmaß: Frauen würden durchschnittlich gerne mehr Stunden pro Woche berufstätig sein, Männer weniger. Mit zunehmendem Alter wird der Abstand zwischen gewünschter und realisierter Arbeitszeit größer. Die Studie zeigt arbeitszeitbezogene Ansatzpunkte zur Förderung einer ausgeglichenen Verteilung der Erwerbsarbeitszeit von Frauen und Männern über ihr Erwerbsleben ebenso wie Maßnahmen für spezifische Lebensphasen, die eine Anpassung der individuellen Erwerbsarbeitszeit zur Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und außerberuflichen Verpflichtungen bzw. Interessen ermöglichen.The empirical evidence for the distribution of the working hours of dependent workers in Austria shows a high heterogeneity, especially between women and men (gender time gap). While women spend an average more time per week on unpaid activities than men, men are on average a full-time day per week (8.2 hours) longer in paid employment than women. The significant difference in average weekly working hours (men 39.8 and women 31.6 hours) is primarily due to the fact that almost half of women (49.4%) work part-time and many men work overtime. The reason for this is traditional gender roles, as well as the uneven distribution of domestic work and the care of children and dependent persons. For example, in couples with children under the age of 15, the modified breadwinner model dominates: the man is full-time working, the woman part-time. At the same time, about a quarter of the employed is unsatisfied with their actual weekly working hours: on average women prefer working more hours a week, men less. With increasing age, the distance between preferred and realized weekly working hours increases. The study shows working-time approaches to promote a balanced distribution of the working time of women and men over their working lives, as well as measures for specific life stages, which allow an adaptation of the individual working time to reconcile work and non-work commitments or interests

Postauthorization safety study of betaine anhydrous

Patient registries for rare diseases enable systematic data collection and can also be used to facilitate postauthorization safety studies (PASS) for orphan drugs. This study evaluates the PASS for betaine anhydrous (Cystadane), conducted as public private partnership (PPP) between the European network and registry for homocystinurias and methylation defects and the marketing authorization holder (MAH). Data were prospectively collected, 2013–2016, in a noninterventional, international, multicenter, registry study. Putative adverse and severe adverse events were reported to the MAH's pharmacovigilance. In total, 130 individuals with vitamin B6 nonresponsive (N = 54) and partially responsive (N = 7) cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency, as well as 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; N = 21) deficiency and cobalamin C (N = 48) disease were included. Median (range) duration of treatment with betaine anhydrous was 6.8 (0–9.8) years. The prescribed betaine dose exceeded the recommended maximum (6 g/day) in 49% of individuals older than 10 years because of continued dose adaptation to weight; however, with disease-specific differences (minimum: 31% in B6 nonresponsive CBS deficiency, maximum: 67% in MTHFR deficiency). Despite dose escalation no new or potential risk was identified. Combined disease-specific treatment decreased mean ± SD total plasma homocysteine concentrations from 203 ± 116 to 81 ± 51 μmol/L (p < 0.0001), except in MTHFR deficiency. Recommendations for betaine anhydrous dosage were revised for individuals ≥ 10 years. PPPs between MAH and international scientific consortia can be considered a reliable model for implementing a PASS, reutilizing well-established structures and avoiding data duplication and fragmentation

A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and heritable eating disorder characterized by dangerously low body weight. Neither candidate gene studies nor an initial genome wide association study (GWAS) have yielded significant and replicated results. We performed a GWAS in 2,907 cases with AN from 14 countries (15 sites) and 14,860 ancestrally matched controls as part of the Genetic Consortium for AN (GCAN) and the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3 (WTCCC3). Individual association analyses were conducted in each stratum and meta-analyzed across all 15 discovery datasets. Seventy-six (72 independent) SNPs were taken forward for in silico (two datasets) or de novo (13 datasets) replication genotyping in 2,677 independent AN cases and 8,629 European ancestry controls along with 458 AN cases and 421 controls from Japan. The final global meta-analysis across discovery and replication datasets comprised 5,551 AN cases and 21,080 controls. AN subtype analyses (1,606 AN restricting; 1,445 AN binge-purge) were performed. No findings reached genome-wide significance. Two intronic variants were suggestively associated: rs9839776 (P=3.01×10−7) in SOX2OT and rs17030795 (P=5.84×10−6) in PPP3CA. Two additional signals were specific to Europeans: rs1523921 (P=5.76×10−6) between CUL3 and FAM124B and rs1886797 (P=8.05×10−6) near SPATA13. Comparing discovery to replication results, 76% of the effects were in the same direction, an observation highly unlikely to be due to chance (P= 4×10−6), strongly suggesting that true findings exist but that our sample, the largest yet reported, was underpowered for their detection. The accrual of large genotyped AN case-control samples should be an immediate priority for the field

A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa suggests a risk locus implicated in dysregulated leptin signaling

J. Kaprio, A. Palotie, A. Raevuori-Helkamaa ja S. Ripatti ovat työryhmän Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium jäseniä. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 21;7(1):8379, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06409-3We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of anorexia nervosa (AN) using a stringently defined phenotype. Analysis of phenotypic variability led to the identification of a specific genetic risk factor that approached genome-wide significance (rs929626 in EBF1 (Early B-Cell Factor 1); P = 2.04 x 10(-7); OR = 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61-0.8) with independent replication (P = 0.04), suggesting a variant-mediated dysregulation of leptin signaling may play a role in AN. Multiple SNPs in LD with the variant support the nominal association. This demonstrates that although the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of AN is universally recognized, further careful sub-typing of cases may provide more precise genomic signals. In this study, through a refinement of the phenotype spectrum of AN, we present a replicable GWAS signal that is nominally associated with AN, highlighting a potentially important candidate locus for further investigation.Peer reviewe

Associations between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and various eating disorders: A Swedish nationwide population study using multiple genetically informative approaches

Background Although attention-deficit hyperactivity/impulsivity disorder (ADHD) and eating disorders (EDs) frequently co-occur, little is known about the shared etiology. In this study we comprehensively investigated the genetic association between ADHD and various EDs, including anorexia nervosa (AN) and other EDs (OED, including bulimia nervosa [BN]). Methods We applied different genetically informative designs to register-based information of a Swedish nationwide population (N=3,550,118). We first examined the familial co-aggregation of clinically diagnosed ADHD and EDs across multiple types of relatives. We then applied quantitative genetic modeling in full-sisters and maternal half-sisters to estimate the genetic correlations between ADHD and EDs. We further tested the associations between ADHD polygenic risk scores (PRS) and ED symptoms, and between AN PRS and ADHD symptoms, in a genotyped population-based sample (N=13,472). Results Increased risk of all types of EDs was found in individuals with ADHD (any ED: OR [95% CI]=3.97 [3.81-4.14], AN: 2.68 [2.15-2.86], OED: 4.66 [4.47-4.87], BN: 5.01 [4.63-5.41]) and their relatives compared to individuals without ADHD and their relatives. The magnitude of the associations reduced as the degree of relatedness decreased, suggesting shared familial liability between ADHD and EDs. Quantitative genetic models revealed stronger genetic correlation of ADHD with OED (0.37 [0.31-0.42]) than with AN (0.14 [0.05-0.22]). ADHD PRS correlated positively with ED symptom measures overall and sub-scales “drive for thinness” and “body dissatisfaction”, despite small effect sizes. Conclusions We observed stronger genetic association with ADHD for non-AN EDs than AN, highlighting specific genetic correlation beyond a general genetic factor across psychiatric disorders

Age-specific Employment Forecast for Upper Austria by Sector

In the industrialised federal state of Upper Austria structural change will continue to progress in the coming years. The importance of many fields in the service sector is growing, while in the manufacturing sector employment losses are predicted. In absolute terms the number of dependent employees will increase by 36,900 to 563,500 by the year 2010. At the same time the demographic aging of the population presents a major challenge for the labour market: in the period between 2002 and 2010, as a result of the changeover of age groups from years of high birth-rates, massive shifts will be expected from the prime working age into the age group of the over 44-year-olds.Arbeitskräfte Beschäftigung Oberösterreich Branchen Prognose Altersgruppen

What Causes Gender Differences in the Participation and Intensity of Lifelong Learning?

We use recent advances in the statistical analysis of Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions for non-linear models to analyse the contribution of individual variables to total gender differences in participation and duration of training. Results suggest that effects stemming from the intra-household division of labour contribute significantly to gender differences, but that segregation of the labour market as well as differences in the access to training by tenure, age, occupation, profession and sectors are more important.gender differences, training